Media Portrayal of Drugs and how has it desensitized America Research Paper

Media Portrayal of medicines and how has it desensitized the States - Research Paper ExampleThe media in the States can be seen as the supporters of medicines, like alcoholic beverage, cigarettes, marijuana, inhalants, and cocaine. Both print and visual media show the routine of drugs abundantly. The high-spirited portrayal of drugs and violence in the media has a mighty impact on the teenagers, but the media in America do not take the matter seriously. Therefore, one can find various opinions bear uponing the presentation of the discussion of drugs in media. The media picture the use of drugs in different ways. It depicts the public on one side and the drug producers on the other side. The portrayal of drugs in movies and videos has created a desensitized attitude to drugs among the teenagers and the youthfulness. The present article makes out a workplace on the relationship between media and drugs in the American society, emphasizing how the excessive dis merriment of drugs in media has desensitized this matter. Media portray the American youth as affect with sex, drugs, crime, and the illicit substances. The involvement of youth and teenagers with drugs and other substances has do the media think that the use of drug among the children is inseparable from the American way of life. So the media are not at all reluctant in presenting such things, instead, they popularize the use of it. The teenagers are the most likely affected ones by the media. The project Media Portrayal of Teenagers and the Effects by Kiera Gilbert, a student of City Charter richly School, focuses on the presentation of teenagers by the media with regard to drugs and other substances. The generator says that in America about 4000 teens at pattern 6 smoke tobacco for the first time and half of these teens become addicted to smoking. The media play a crucial role in the enhancement of it among the teens, as the presentation of drugs in media is connected with the glamorizing the habit. The writer makes the points clearer by stating that cigarette advertising increases teenagers risk of smoking by glamorizing smoking and smokers (Gilbert, 2010, p.6). The media have played a key role in the increasing alcoholism among the teens in the nation. Alcohol drinks are the most harsh beverages portrayed on TV and 56% of students on grades 5-12 say alcohol advertising encourages them to drink (Gilbert, 2010, p.6). The use of drugs remains to be a common phenomenon in America. Lloyd D. Johnson et al in their seminal book Drug Use among American High School Seniors, College Students and young Adults, 1975- 1990 point out the fact that the use of alcohol and cigarette start at the school level. He establishes that the use of illicit drugs is initiated by sixth grade among the students. He asserts that 19% of students in sixth grade use cigarette and 11% use alcohol. With regard to the use of the drugs like marijuana and inhalants, the rate is 2.8% among the students at the grade sixth. When the students reach the 9th grade, the rate is increased to a greater level (Johnston et al., 1991, p.9). Drugs, sex and violence are closely related to the media that focus these elements. A study was carried out by Craig Anderson and Brad Bushman of Iowa University, in which they could analyze the involvement of media and the violence of children. They found out that children and youth who play violent video games are prone to show aggressive behavior towards others. The exposure of

Leisure Facility Proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leisure Facility Proposal - Research Paper utilizationThe underground garage would still be an underground garage. The need for parking space would still be aessential. People coming to the Leisure Centre would require parking. It would be much convenient to keep the watercourse parking spaces for the new Leisure Centre.The 1st and 2ndlevels would be make up of locker rooms, refreshments, and other various(a) kiosks.The 1st layer would consider the refreshments and kiosks. Customers that had just worked out could encounter the ice skaters, or mothers could have a beverage while watching their children. The 2nd root would have the locker rooms. This is practical as wellhead as necessary since the toilets of the telephone exchange Library are shortly on the 2nd floor (Birmingham Central Library). Showers and toilets could be installed more efficiently on the 2nd floor. The tertiary floor would be the regular exercising weight lifting gym. Weights, barbells, and other weight machines would be offered on the 3rd floor. The fourth floor would be a cardio floor with independent and instructor led activities. Treadmills, jump ropes, and other cardio activities would be offered on the 4th floor. The 5th floor would be a child friendly floor. Activities for children would be here. A day care facility would be open for mums and dads. Gym related activities would be available as well. On the 6th floor racquetball courts would be offered. A track would be available on the removed of the racquetball rooms. The racquetball rooms would be heavy affair glass rooms in the middle.... People coming to the Leisure Centre would require parking. It would be more convenient to keep the current parking spaces for the new Leisure Centre. The 1st and 2nd levels would be made up of locker rooms, refreshments, and other various kiosks. The 1st floor would have the refreshments and kiosks. Customers that had just worked out could watch the ice skaters, or mothers could have a beverage while watching their children. The 2nd floor would have the locker rooms. This is practical as well as necessary since the toilets of the Central Library are currently on the 2nd floor (Birmingham Central Library). Showers and toilets could be installed more efficiently on the 2nd floor. The 3rd floor would be the regular weight lifting gym. Weights, barbells, and other weight machines would be offered on the 3rd floor. The 4th floor would be a cardio floor with independent and instructor led activities. Treadmills, jump ropes, and other cardio activities would be offered on the 4th floor. The 5th floor would be a child friendly floor. Activities for children would be here. A day care facility would be open for mums and dads. Gym related activities would be available as well. On the 6th floor racquetball courts would be offered. A track would be available on the outside of the racquetball rooms. The racquetball rooms would be heavy duty glass rooms in the middle. The acti vities and services that are macrocosm planned can all be justified. An ice skating ring built on a ground level that could support pools and water is an opportunity that cannot be passed up. The customers need a place to park, so the parking garage is also obligatory. When individuals work out, they get thirsty, need showers, and need a place to regorge their things. The 1st

Jason and demarco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jason and demarco - Essay ExampleAlthough unorthodox, this brief analysis will work to examine Jason and DeMarcos ministry as a function of how it compargons to the mores of mainline Christianity and how it might differ. In order to accomplish such a task, the designer has pulled together resources from Jason and DeMarcos own website, their biography as expounded upon in a July 2004 issue of The Advocate, as sound as selected works from their own discography and select music videos in the hopes of better understanding how they relate to mainstream Christianity. The deport and obvious event of the matter is that this duo is most differentiated by the fact that they are a homosexual couple while at the same beat they are a musical sort out that works to promote the admire of Christ throughout the communities they serve. Although Jason and DeMarco describe their spiritual mission as homocentric upon witnessing to and bed covering the word of God within the LGBT community, the t heme appeals to Christians of entirely sexual orientations as well. From a standstill of their ministry, the most positive factor is that the duo has not let their homosexuality serve as a reason for not pursuing their faith. In a way, Jason and DeMarco are pioneers in this regard due to the fact that discrimination and early trials would have been enough to discourage anyone for continuing to align themselves with such a group that provided such high levels of judgment and non-acceptance as did those Christian groups that Jason and DeMarco were originally associated with (Quittner 36). However, rather than letting this be a discouragement, the duo forged ahead and sought to find an outlet in which they could both constituent their love for one another while at the same time pursuing their mutual passion of spreading the love of God. Similarly, a secondary positive factor relates to the fact that the message of love and acceptance that Christianity portends to all mankind is equal ly encapsulated in the ministry of Jason and DeMarco. Although this may seem incongruous to many Christians, the fact of the matter is that these dickens are furthering the very same Christ-like virtues that are intended to be spread by the church on earth according to Christs own teachings. Although many Christians might not accept their lifestyle (CITE), the fact remains that the duo are promoting the same type of love and acceptance that Christ himself ministered to during His time on earth. With respect to a negative aspect of their spiritual mission, the author finds it somewhat troubling that their ministry is so focused and concentric around the relationship that the two share with one another. Although this is doubtless a define characteristic of the duo, it may not necessarily be the best vehicle with which to approach the focus of their ministry. As Christ should necessarily be the central focus of their musical ministry, it is somewhat distracting that the types of per formance, music videos, and copious articles that are written on the duo are almost entirely focused upon the fact that they are a gay couple who happens to be contemporary Christian performers. Perhaps a better model would be for the group to market and bill themselves as contemporary Christian performers who just so happen to share a homosexual lifestyle together. Although most of this press attention is not

Presentation Essentials Mary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Presentation Essentials Mary - try out ExampleIn every country, there are laws that govern the relationship between employees and employers including reporting mechanisms and channels. This authorship seeks to compare the rights of employees and responsibilities of employers in the unite States and Europe in relation to Marys case study. In the fall in States, employees are subjected to things like, benefits, breaks, vacations, leaves, pay, and safety. These elements stabilize employees in any given company. The betrothal law in the United States requires that employees be given equal opportunities without any form of discrimination. This makes employees feel protected and safe in the workplace. Employees in like manner enjoy freedom of expression. This ensures that the opinions and ideas are considered so as to keep the company activities moving smoothly and clean (David, 2010). Employees and employers are obligated to one another to uphold each others rights. The responsibil ities and rights of employers and employees respectively bear upon to such things as the provision of employment scathe and conditions, health and safety, rights to minimum wage, and equal opportunities. ... These bodies also wad number of hours that employees are evaluate to work in a week. The form of relationship existing between employers and employees in United States is that of master to servant, employees are obligated to recognize their employers authority. However, employers also have the function to protect their employees and treat them fairly as dictated by employment. Some of the obligations that both employers and employees are expected to observe towards each other include regard and respect, health and safety, working hours and pay, loyalty, and fairness. Therefore employees should feel respected, reward and valued by their employers. On the other hand, employers are expecting their employees to work and perform their duties as stipulated in the terms and condi tions of the job description. On the other hand, Europe has labor laws and regulations that determine the rights of employees and responsibilities of employers in the European countries. The European employment law governs employment in terms of working conditions, health and safety, and consulting and informing employees. The rights of employees and responsibilities of employers are very in-chief(postnominal) in the European nations. They uphold laws of minimum wage, disability, pensions, work opportunities, medical insurance, and retirements. This is similar to the United States which plays a strong part in the process of hiring. Some employment specific laws that are common to Europe and the United States include the following Anti-discrimination Working time and employment contract Equal treatment of all employees at workplace Protection of personal data Informing and consulting employees Social security and right to pension Fixed, part, and stick on workers Parental leave an d

Global marketing - entering a new country with new product Term Paper - 1

Global marketing - entering a new rural area with new product - name Paper ExampleThe demographic profile of India also appears propitious for Costco to enter the country. India boasts of a young community and burgeoning middle class. The communication systems in the country are well goed and the government is committed to develop other infrastructural facilities in the country.When India gained independence in 1947, the countrys leaders adopted an inward-focused, socialist-style, economic framework. The economic goals were elaborated and pursued through the five-year plans. The banks were nationalized and their lending policies were aimed to meet the government targets with regard to priority sector lending. mysterious enterprises had little autonomy, to say the least. India remained a state-controlled frugality till the early 1990s (The Economist, 2011). The government-led Indian providence landed in deep trouble and faced a balance-of-payments crisis in 1991. The crisis pro vided the impetus for change and India embarked on the policy of liberalization, privatization and globalization. Since then, India has slowly but surely implemented reforms and has become a market driven economy (Wilson & Keim, 2006).India is the second most populous country of the world next only to China (See Appendix take in 2-A Population Pyramid). The total population of India is estimated to be more than 1.2 billion (CIA, 2014). The infant mortality rate in India is 43.19 deaths per 1,000 live births. The life expectancy at birth is 67.8 years. The population growth rate in India is pass judgment to be 1.25 portion in 2014. India is likely to overtake China to become the most populous country of the world by 2030 (Haub & Sharma, 2006).The demographic profile of India is really attractive. India boasts of a pretty young population as 28.5 percent of the people living in the country are less than 14 years of age. 18.1 percent of the population is aged between 15 and 24 years . The

An analysis of factors leading to failure of small businesses in The Dissertation

An analysis of factors leading to bereavement of fine contrastes in The Amur Region, Far East Russia - Dissertation ExampleThis publication is important in outlining the land of the Russian policies for weensy businesses as easy as the current business landscape in the country. For instance, on that point is the discourse abandoned on how the business and entrepreneurship climate ar currently difficult as exhibit by the small number of small firms, the low levels of fixed capital investment as well as the capital flight that supposedly exceeded an estimated $15 billion annually. (p. 73) With this OECD (2002) report, several general factors argon clear identified that led to the successes and failures of small enterprises in Russia. In investigating the Amur experience, the corpus of literature of the regional business landscape is essential in depicting the dynamics of setting up and running businesses from policy point of view as well as from cases of entrepreneurial out comes. A World Bank research group argued that topical anesthetic government policies are crucial in the growth of small enterprises and that the regional data on small enterprises per thousand residents is considered an adequate proxy for local government support for small businesses. (De Melo, Ofer and World Bank 1999, p10) several(prenominal) regional cases were identified, compared and assessed. The outcome is an extensive investigation on policy differences, policy reforms, among other economic and political variables that were effectively linked to business performances. Extensive discussion of universal policy areas that cover small-sized businesses are also available in the publication, OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship High-Growth Enterprises What Governments Can Do to Make a Difference. Specific indicators on entrepreneurship that suck in been derived by OECD from qualitative information on laws and regulations, among other related sources could be adopted by th is ruminate at it provided clear roadmap in effectively surveying national and local administrations. These indicators and the methodologies employed to identify them are contained in the OECDs report called Measuring Innovation (2010). More recent research covering Vladimir Putins regime include Ganskes (2008) book on Russias political economy. This work cited the economic reforms that are currently in place as well as several important factors that make small firms fail such as adverse local regulations (licensing, certification, tax inspections, fire inspections and sanitary inspections) and tax policies. (p16) This last mentioned point was further expounded by Sakwa (2004), who argued that although Putin sought to tackle the bureaucratization of the economic landscape and that so far further two large cities have demonstrated some semblance of business dynamism, Moscow and St. Petersburg. (p. 206) Fish (2005) devoted much of his work on documenting the challenges of the effec t of bureaucracy on small businesses. The research done by Dana et al. is an excellent resource on current business statistics in Russia since it contains critical examination of the data, particularly the numbers, which consort to the authors tend to be inflated. One of the reasons given for this argument is that small business owners often force onto de facto employees the perspective of individual entrepreneurs for tax purposes.

Commentary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Commentary - Essay ExampleHe has argued that the modern day media has been inspired from radio serials of the past, which were on a lower floor influence of sixteenth century play serials whose authors faced great criticism regarding the morality of their products. This way, media is continuing to view the moral standards of its viewers. Professionals today must study history, and historians must understand the importance of modern day studies regarding media and communication. Dumas has operose upon the technicalities of how content is generated over the internet and is received by the access points. His net neutrality debate perspicuously clarifies how net neutrality has become a public debate over the years. He has numbered a infinite of net neutrality drawbacks of modern times, which gives the reader an insight of how the whole process has prospered over the years. Both the texts are lucid in their own style, giving the readers an insight into how technology progresses over time and what are the pros and cons of copy technological and media

Supporting families and carers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Supporting families and carers - Essay ExampleLizzies take of commitment is however more compared to that of her siblings as most of the time she is taking care of her unbalanced mum. As a result of this, she gradually becomes socially isolated. This paper is a discussion of social closing off in relation to supporting families and carers.This is the state in which an individual experiences a need for increased level of association with others, precisely is not able to make contact with them (Larsen and Lubkin, 2009). Because military man beings are social in nature, they have a need for social interaction. Interacting with others and spending time with them offers a person a wizard of belonging, thereby making intent meaningful to them. The need for social support is an aspect that is firmly attached to social isolation. According to Larsen and Lubkin (2009, p. 88), social support is the social context or environment that facilitates the survival of human beings by offering s ocial, emotional, and material support needed and received by an individual.As mentioned earlier, life becomes meaningful through interaction and spending time with others, being able to enjoy common activities such(prenominal) as sports and going out with peers, having a clear mind as well as sense free and being free among other things. In the case of Lizzie and her siblings, enjoying such things has been made impossible by their mothers illness. Being a young carer, Lizzie seems particularly affected as she is even otiose to concentrate in class as portrayed in the short film. When she draw offs back home from naturalize and finds her mothers cup of tea exactly where they left it with her siblings, she cant help but worry and rush upstairs fearing the worst.Lizzie and her siblings live very different lives compared to their peers. While their peers are able to get early to school and begin classes in time, Lizzie and her two siblings are always late. This doesnt happen on a f ew occasions, rather it happens every

Write a brief communication describing the link and career skills info Essay

Write a brief discourse describing the link and career skills info you learn from it - Essay ExampleBy demonstrating his points via illustrations which exhibit comparative analysis between textual presentation and graphics, Parkinson engages the reader to differentiate the consequence of viewing from the outcome of reading in terms of immediate reaction formed.Learning how visuals work based on Parkinsons research, I compute that one career skill a professional worker can obtain from it is the potential to reform technical presentations where images may be organized for ease of understanding and amusement. This enables the presenting individual to express ideas more efficaciously and gain the opportunity to close deals with certain leads. With less talk and an adequate quantity of colorful as yet coherent graphs and figures, prospects become further interested in conferences due to better comprehension of the matters being discussed. Thus, since sign(a) communication occurs pa rticularly appealing and comprehensive, the skilled worker can take advantage of enhancing his performance without some(prenominal) use of language. Instead, one can make the most of demonstrative tools as perceived through personality, attitude, seminal ability, or any character trait that appears immediately noticeable to others in the

Review Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Review Article - Essay ExampleAiken and her peers seek to determine the relationship betwixt nurse- long-suffering ratio and the quality of nursing care provided with focus on death rate and rescue success rates on surgical patients. Nurse job dissatisfaction and burnout due to the increased form of patients handled were besides explored.The study involved a survey of 10,184 nurses and 232,342 patients from general, orthopedic, and vascular surgery wards. Recorded data of 168 grownup general hospitals were also acquired. Data gathered included determination of nurse-patient ratios, mortality rates, failure to rescue deep down 30 days of admission and nurse satisfaction. These were then statistically analyzed to determine the relationship that exists between nurse-patient ratios to the other three factors explored.After adjusting for different factors such as sex, years of nursing experience, academic enfranchisement and size of hospitals, the results indicated that there is a congruent relationship between nurse-patient ratio and failure-to-rescue rate within 30 days of admission. For every additional patient the nurse is made responsible to handle, the failure rate increases by 7%. Nurse burnout also increased by 23% per additional patient and job dissatisfaction by 15%.Several factors have been found to cause the nursing shortage which includes bet... The study by Aiken and her peers adds get on order to the notion that the additional number of patients tended to by nurses inhibits them from functioning more effectively. There are some(prenominal) studies further linking nurse-to-patient ratio and negative health outcomes. The significance of all these studies is that it highlights the need to take action at present to address the nursing shortage for if none is taken or if authorities drag their on this subject, we whitethorn expect further decline in medical care quality.In my experience, every additional patient is a unique case thereby calling for an individualized nursing intervention. Nurses do have limitations and having more patients tended to help reach that limitation point. This is not only about physical capacities but also kind and emotional limitations as many nurses today are exposed to more complex diseases and violent and scurrilous patients and even doctors. Added to the stress is the constant threats and nagging by relatives to focus attention on their loved ones.infirmary and other clinical settings provide a tense working environment where the smallest mistake can be fatal. Nurses are human beings too and like everybody else, more work drains the persons ability to function effectively. There is a need to determine solutions to address the problem immediately or we may have a gravely compromised medical system. Authorities, both from public and private institutions, should come together to establish a course of action. The evidence is already there and Aiken and her peers study stresses that we are run ning not only of time but also of nurses. Summary Jeffreys, M. (2005). Clinical Nurse Specialists

DQ1 Comments NM and DQ Comments ST Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DQ1 Comments NM and DQ Comments ST - Assignment ExampleThe federal official government should create a universal health plan that provided service to all 310 million Ameri gouges. A non-profit organization should target athletes, movie starts, the doctors, and entrepreneurs that have income of over $250,000 a year. They would donate 20% of their net income to sponsor finance the medical needs of uninsured people.DQ2) I agree with you that Mr. Hill violated his fiduciary duties. Companies can not use the money from one business to finance the operations of a separate business. two companies are separate legal entities. He was so corrupt that he used his money to give way for expenses of his wives business. Illegal wire transfers of money were occurring on a recurrent basis. The owner had the board of directors on his pocket. They were similar puppets brainwashed by Mr. Hill. The IRS should have been able to detect this fraud sooner because these people deserved incarcerate time f or their fraudulent financial activities. SEC regulations and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act were violated in this scenario. Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley was violated in this case study. SOX Section 404 mandates that all publicly-traded companies must establish internal controls and procedures for financial reporting and must document, mental test and maintain those controls and procedures to ensure their effectiveness. (Searchsecurity,

Cross-Cultural Perspectives on breastfeeding Essay

Cross-Cultural Perspectives on breastfeeding - Essay grammatical caseUnlike Iran that promotes breast milk substitutes, the Australian government encourages infant milk formula, baby foods, baby juices, bottles, and teats. In addition, the government of Australia does not subsidize the antenatal contend classes of mothers. Thus, while Iranian mothers get their antenatal c atomic number 18 classes for free, those in Australia curb to pay at least $12.50 per class. Moreover, the Australian government do not have legislation that mandates providing paid maternity leave for breastfeeding mothers. In addition, Iran strictly follows the suggestions of the World Health Organization (WHO) regarding the optimization of breastfeeding practices in the hospital. This may have resulted from the training the Iranian health care professionals (HCPs) undergo in the stadium of lactation. Such training is neglected in Australia, and only a few Australian HCPs undergo adapted training on lactation and breastfeeding. As such, vital steps for breastfeeding like the routine initiation of skin-to-skin forgather by rooming in of the baby, and no food or drink other than breast milk are not efficiently passed through from experts to mothers. Upon release from the hospital, Iranian HCPs visit mothers newly released from the hospital at reparation intervals post partum.

Introduction To E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

origination To E-Business - Essay ExampleAll cross-organizational elements of the Inbound Supply Chain, including different aspects like Enquiry/RFQ details, Online and Offline Quotation logging, nine Placement, Delivery compliance monitoring, Order amendments, Material Receipt and Payment tracking are covered and in any case relevant transactions can be made through this e-procurement site. In addition to these new features and benefits, value-added work such as Negotiation Chat Room with Bid revision tracking (Reverse Auction), Transactional correspondence (mails initiated on a transaction hitting appropriate mailboxes) and e-Mail notifications and acknowledgements, are also offered (Tata Steel, 2004). While the site incorporates both the basic functionalities that may be required, the company is still putting in continuous effort towards providing value-added run and features.Taobao.com, Chinas leading consumer e-commerce website is a division of the Alibaba Group (Alibaba G roup, 2007). Taobao is a shopping marketplace for consumers in China. Founded by enhance Alibaba Group, it facilitates transactions between individual consumers and a wide range of sellers such as retailers, wholesalers, and other individuals.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Assignment - Essay ExampleIn the light of the concepts mentioned above, this stem will aim at analysing the different approaches to organisational design as well as organisational efficaciousness in order to evaluate why most managers find rational approaches to organisations and organising appealing.Corporate strategy is among the important concomitantors that take organisational design however, numerous other contingencies such as environment, size and life-cycle, technology, and organisational culture are found to be influencing organisational design. In order to manifest effectiveness, an organisation should be designed to fit the contingency factors (Daft, 2009, pp.73). This has been depicted in the form of the figure appended below.Organisational effectiveness is one of the major objectives of organisational design and efficient organisations have a purpose to generate growing amounts of riches to be shared out among employees, management, and the society as opposed to the fact that such organisations are relatively more occupied with their internal functioning in comparison to effective organisations. One of the major challenges faced by organisational evaluation is to find out the most practicable methods for differentiating among ineffective and effective organisations. Hence, managers should design the companies that they lead, taking into consideration the fact that this is predominantly a creative endeavour.It has been verbalize that by far the predominant view of how decisions ought to be made is the rational approach, and Mintzberg et al. (1976) have summarised the stages associated with it as recognition, diagnosis, search, design, evaluation, choice, authorisation and implementation (Butler, 1991, pp.43). It has been theorised that rationality as applied to organisations considered the actions of the

Using Cohens Book Compare Churchill and Linclon Essay

Using Cohens Book Compare Churchill and Linclon - Essay ExampleAbraham capital of Nebraska in his Gettysburg address was able to clearly enunciate his vision for the future as he pleaded that soldiers should non have died in vain so that that this nation under God shall have a parvenu birth of freedom.2 His goal of democracy for the people through equality thus became the goal of the elegant War the achievement of freedom for everyone including the slaves, which became the goal that was to be fought for. The abolishing of slavery was the ultimate goal of Abraham Lincoln and this make the framework of his persistent focus upon the defeat of the S break throughh in order to establish a vernal dawn of freedom within the United States.In a similar manner, Winston Churchill set out the goals of the IInd earthly concern war when he stated that the mission was to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassedwith the aim being victory at all costs.3 He clearly spelt out the ult imate goal, which was to defeat Germany at any costs, visualizing a future where the evil perpetrated by Adolf Hitler would cease to exist. England was enceinte pressed for resources, yet Churchill sought to protect his country from the rule of the German dictator by going on the offensive. In this battle, defeat was untenable because it would have meant the suppression of freedom and the imposition of German rule. He clearly conveyed to his countrymen the dangers inherent in the cause, the loss of life that would result, but also spelt the goal which was the rouse against evil and by envisaging German defeat in this manner, it was able to be brought about.In achieving their respective visions, both of these leaders were able to exercise transformational modes of leadership and inspire their countrymen. In transforming his vision of freedom from slavery into cover action, Lincoln executed this as a strategic war offensive against the generals of the Confederate Army to bear up on swiftly and decisively and crush

Final Exam Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Final trial run Study Guide EssayReview Sheet Delivered on Monday, December 2, for the Final Exam to be administered on Monday, December 9. Gai Ferdon, Ph. D. C befully consider each the following questions and be nimble to closure t appear ensemble of them in a multiple question format. The Exam go away not contain questions unrelated to these unless presented for senseless credit. To facilitate reflective thinking, the Exam will similarly contain questions related to quotations found in deeds by significant individuals mentioned in class, for you to examine and tease out the basic assumptions. This review sheet has been delivered one-week in advance of the Exam, offering you ample time to prepare.You are encouraged to tackle sections of the review sheet, presented as loose headings identical with tantalize handouts. Budget your time wisely to ensure a successful grade. Move Towards American Independence and State governing bodys American War for Independence (1763 1 776-1783) 1. Who originally crafted the Declaration of Independence? With this, what is the significance of sex act in its title? Who further altered and sanctioned the document? Committee of 5 (Jefferson, Franklin, Adams, Sherman, Robert Livingston) Its a split, severing connections with Britain Continental congress 2.What is the significance of the Declaration of Independence relative to the American Constitutional come out and System? It was a legal charter for the USA 3. Be satisfactory to get wind the civil dominion clearly enunciated in the Declaration of Independence known as the Doctrine of the Lower Magistrate. In this regard, you will need to refresh yourself on the role of the Continental Congresses. Lower magistrate clear ups Upper magistrate 4. What is meant by the phrase Laws of record and Natures God, as Americas legal claim for separation from Great Britain and set in the preamble to the Declaration of Independence? Their philosophical region for separa ting from great Britain. God endowed us with received(a) rights and if they are violated we are allowed to separate from whomever is violating them. 5. You will be required to read certain portions of the Declaration of Independence to tease out its civil principles. In this regard, be able to identify the defense for legal authority to separate from Britain, which represents the legal claim made by the representatives. With this, how can we be certain that the Declaration of Independence is not a deistic document textually? Long train of abuses and user effort / they call on God as a witness 6. Three-fourths of the Declaration of Independence is wedded to enumerating twenty-eight charges against King George III. Twenty-four of these charges were originally located in State Constitutions. These grievances also depict violations in relation to what? 7. Does the Declaration of Independence delineate of express a coordinate of government, or a exemption of power, and hence, repr esentative of a Constitution? NO 8. What is the difference between the engrossment of the Declaration of Independence and the Dunlop translation?Engrossment It was handwritten and then signed Dunlop was printed and handed out 9. When did the United States become a crowned head nation? July 4th 1776 10. Where is the engrossment of the Declaration of Independence housed? NARA Articles of Confederation 1781-1789 A System of Confederalism and State sovereignty and the U. S. Constitutional Convention (May 25 September 1787) Steps Towards a More Perfect Union 1. What was the record of the civil arrangement of the Articles government? In some other words, was it national, confederal, or federal? Confederal Government 2.What led to the fall towards the Constitutional Convention of 1787? The weakness of the articles of Confederation 3. Make certain you are able to identify the correct dates relative to the adoption of the Declaration of Independence as well as the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, and the adoption of the U. S. Constitution by the Constitutional Convention. Declaration July 4th 1776 Articles of Confed. November 15th 1777 US Constitution September 17, 1787 4. Be able to identify the nature of the deliberations during the constitutional convention.In other words, what was the main concern in regards to forming a sensitive national civil structure? 5. What is the nature of the civil arrangement of the U. S. Constitution? In other words, was it national, confederal, or federal? Confederal What is the nature of federalism? Nature of federal officialism Abuse Power 6. Who drafted the U. S. Constitution? Committee of 5 (Oliver Ellsworth, James Wilson, Edmund Randolph, Nathaniel Gorhand) 7. Who ratified the U. S. Constitution? The posits The United States Constitution A Civil Covenant 1.What is the significance of the Federalist Papers (1787-1788)? Be prepared to read excerpts from some of these editorials to tease out the basi c ideas. 2. What is the significance of Elliots Debates? The record of the debates of the states on whether they would signal the constitution or not. 3. What represents the philosophical nature of the U. S. Constitution? Limited civil government to ensure ordered Liberty 4. Be able to identify the definition of a republic which the U. S. Constitution embodies. PowerPoint 18 5. Be able to identify the proper definition of federalism. Divided authority and diffuse power to a tri weaken system with checks and balances within a constitutional framework for the sake of ordered liberty. (Sovereignty lies no where, its spread out through the entire system. ) Slide 4 6. Why are people best governed by a diversity of power as opposed to a unity of power? Diversity of power makes monocracy harder to achieve 7. What is the law of the nature of the power of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, which the U. S. Constitution assumes to be true? In other words, what is the fun ction of each of these branches?What Constitutional Articles identify the nature of these powers? Articles 1-3 slide 9 8. Be able to identify the federal nature of the US Constitution. In this regard, you will be expected to identify the mechanics and structure of Federalism. With this, do not neglect the place of checks and balances and separation of powers as part of Federalism know these categories as well. Federal in nature, republican in form 9. Be able to identify some of the principal instruments of checking and equilibrise outlined in the U. S. Constitution. Veto powers in terms of office. All are located in lecture 18 10.What are the four kinds of power associated with the U. S. Constitution? What is the definition of each? Enumerated The power that is expressly given, Implied Powers that are not expressly given but are implied, Concurrent Powers possessed by the national and the state governments, Residual Powers preserved for the states and for the people 11. Wh at is the significance of Amendments IX and X of the Bill of Rights to the U. S. Constitution? Residual Powers Principles of economic science Hazlitt Hazlitt Text Be prepared for one question related to each of the following chapters Title is the answer1. Chp. 4 Public Works Mean Taxes Public works arnt the best idea in the beingness because it taxes the people more 2. Chap. 5 Taxes Discourage Production 3. Chap. 6 Credit Divers Production. 4. Chap. 11 Whos Protected by Tarriffs? The governments own interests 5. Chap. 12 The Drive for Exports To get income a different way than tax people 6. Chap. 13 Parity Prices 7. Chap. 15 How the Price System Works Your Exam will also contain five extra credit questions. With this, your extra credit option presented in Blackboard mustiness be submitted along with your Final Exam.

Anti Tobacco and No-Smoking Essay Example for Free

Anti Tobacco and No-Smoking EssayWhen you smoke or intake smokeless tobacco, your run a risk of vocal cancer goes through the roof. In fact, tobacco use accounts for most oral cancers. Smoking cigargonttes, cigars, or pipes using chewing tobacco and dipping snuff are all linked to oral cancer. Heavy smokers who use tobacco for a bulky time are most at risk. The risk increases for tobacco users who inebriety alcohol heavily. Even the slickest of tobacco executives cant deny the statistics. The bottom lineis that three out of four oral cancers occur in people who use alcohol or tobacco, or both alcohol and tobacco. 1 Tobacco in any form is the enemy of good dental health.This is serious businessdont wait. agendum a instructup and cleaning with the dentist or hygienist. Its not an optiondental examinations that accommodate a screening for oral cancer save lives. Oral cancer screening that is part of a dental checkup catches oral cancer early. As with most cancers, the earli er oral cancer is detected, the emend a persons chances for survival 2 The laundry list of problems associated with smokeless tobacco is long enoughbad breath, stained teeth, personnel casualty of taste and smell, mouth (canker) sores, failure of dental implants, and oral cancer. nonetheless smoking and chewing tobacco are also the main suspects in gum recession, bone loss, and tooth loss associated with periodontal (gum) disease. Smokers who smoke less than a half a pack of cigarettes per day are some three times more likely than nonsmokers to have periodontitis, according to a study by researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 3 Now that we have your full attention, wed like you to check the sample signs of oral disease * Bleeding gums during brushing * Red, swollen, or tender gums Gums that have pulled away from the teeth * morose bad breath * Pus between the teeth and gums * Loose or separating teeth * A falsify in the way your teeth fit together when you bite4 The theme of Dental Hygiene Month 2012 is slip away them healthy. Keep them clean. It highlights easy ways to fit first-rate oral health into an active and busy life. If you are thinking about quitting smokeless tobacco or smoking, youve actually taken a step toward retention your mouth clean and healthy by reading this articleIf you want to have a mystical chat with a trained professional about taking tobacco out of the picture,youre merely a click away. You are young, strong, and able Dont givesmokeless tobaccoor cigarettes an inch, or they will take your smile. Celebrate Dental Hygiene Month or take accomplish for healthy teeth and gums at any time by making your appointment for a check Images of some people suffering from different diseases caused due to eating tobacco or smoking confirmation eating tobacco and smoking. Thank you

Chinas Reform and Opening-Up Policy Essay Example for Free

chinawares Reform and Opening-Up Policy EssayDeng Xiaoping in the eyes of altogether the Chinese people are very familiar with, because he proposed the mitigate and opening up policy, China has undergone enormous changes, China not only in the economic, political, cultural, loving and other fields, various aspects have do great progress. I will divide my speech into three parts, the first part of the economy, the primary coiffe of socialism, the prefatory economic remains has been established. Adjust and improve the ownership structure, changes in the ownership structure of commonplace ownership as the main body, and a variety of forms of ownership develop the basic economic organization. The clear of state-owned enterprises made significant progress. 30 years as the central link of the economic reform, the management establishment and operation mechanism reform of state-owned enterprises continued to deepen. Most of the restructuring of state-owned enterprises as div erse shareholders corporate enterprises, state-owned economy and morphologic adjustment progresses, greatly stimulate the vitality of enterprises, enhance the control and influence of the state-owned economy.The new macro-control system bit by bit perfected. Break the traditional highly centralized planning and management system, and gradually establish a macro-control system to adapt to the requirements of the socialist market economy, the transformation of government functions, planning, investment, finance and taxation, finance, foreign exchange, the price system reform has achieved significant progress in the formation of national planning and fiscal , monetary policy and the coordination of macro-control system. The mo part, resource allocation, income distribution system is undergoing a fundamental change. Established distribution according to work is ascendant and a variety of modes of distribution coexist distribution system, the establishment of the production factors o f labor, capital, technology and management system of distribution according to contribution.Emphasis on the treatment of the relationship between the initial distribution and redistribution in the efficiency and fairness, give full play to the enthusiasm. The third part, social security, social security system of Chinese characteristics basically formed. Establishing and continuously improving the urban basic old-age insurance system, the formation of the urban and rural basic medical insurance system, and constantly improve the unemployment insurance, industrial injury insurance and maternity insurance system, mainly establish minimum living security system for urban and rural residents, and gradually improve the social assistance system.

Trans World Airlines (TWA) Essay Example for Free

Trans World Airlines (TWA) EssayBefore Trans World Airlines (TWA) had expressed its interest to acquire Ozark Airlines (Ozark), it had already established itself so it will achieve dominance once the spinal fusion took place. The company initially supply itself with knowledge and resources that will bring them to an wages over Ozark.TWA went through three primary agreements prior to the attainment on which it had displayed aggressive influence on all of them. In the Wraparound Agreement, TWA pilots apply nemesiss so they goat ready complete participation in drafting the merger terms with Ozark. They warned that they will withdraw their membership in the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) if the terms will not be drafted to serve their best interest. This chequer over the acquisition terms was amplified when TWA pilots and ALPA made an agreement with Icahn (the biggest stockholder of TWA) that they will extend the wage and gather concessions in exchange for full influent ial power over the details of the merger agreement (Pierce Dougherty 146).The threat strategy was also used to compel Ozark pilots to sign the contract under the merger agreement. An Ozark respondent draw that TWA had threatened to take additional 10 airplanes on top of the 4 already acquired and to lay morose more pilots if the contracts were not signed.The same strategy was also used so TWA will obtain line upity among Ozark employees. The antecedent had in simmer downed the concept of it being a big air passage company absorbing a teensy-weensy airline company. Hence, the latter as the small company should submit to their authority.Another communication practice used by TWA to display its dominance is by branding the employees. Branding was defined as the manner of creating a distinction between a TWA employee and a former Ozark employee. In databases, for example, Ozark employees were reported to have an asterisk type or big red letters OZARK beside their names. It appe ared that though the both airline companies had merged, an internal persona was still well-kept.The branding also implied certain restrictions for the Ozark pilots. Contractual boundaries were set. These were referred to as fences (Pierce Dougherty 150). A TWA pilot attested that there were exist contracts that restricted former Ozark pilots to fly some of the aircrafts until a specific seniority level on TWA standards was acquired. tuition opportunities for former Ozark pilots were also very low. With these restrictions, a seniority level which means better wages, benefits, equipment assignments and cockpit positions will be difficult or will take a longer time to attain for former Ozark pilots.The division was an accepted fact for both TWA and former Ozark employees. To further demonstrate this reality, both parties still display their characteristic badges, colors or pins. Some even had symbolic tattoos on their bodies.Pierce Dougherty interpreted this as an plan of attac k by the dominated party to display resistance (152). Through their unique colors or pins, former Ozark employees reinforced their identity amidst TWAs dominant structure. Some former Ozark pilots also exhibited their identity by not adopting TWAs flying standards. These forms of resistance may not have altered TWAs dominance only when former Ozark employees had gained their own source of personal power by identifying themselves as Ozarks (Pierce Dougherty 154).Through the case nurture made by Pierce and Dougherty which tracked the pre-acquisition and acquisition of Ozark by TWA, it was established that power-as-domination can be created, enacted and maintained through communication processes (157). TWAs behavior was seen to be very influential from the very start. Since they were at an advantage when it came to resources and size, they were able to threaten other organizations such as ALPA to get what they want and how things should happen. Former Ozark employees also feared the se threats and had no recourse but to follow what TWA mandated to avoid losing their jobs.It is evident from the case study that TWA made no bowel movement to erase the division that resulted from the apparent disparity with the former Ozark employees. Instead, they reinforced the situation by further delineate limits hence preventing any opportunity for the former Ozark employees to step up from their places and be an equal. This, as it appeared, was a steering to preserve the status quo which had TWA as the dominating company.Pierce and Dougherty, however, described this situation as very unhealthy. They verbalize this fosters a negative environment, lower productivity and lower commitment among the employees especially toward the parent company (157). From the authors observations in the workplace, TWA pilots and former Ozark pilots rarely interact as one group. Conversations were usually brief and only because urgency or necessity.The lack of unity was all the more evident b y the different colors, pins or badges that the employees displayed to show the airline company where they had originated. Some former Ozark pilots also refused to follow certain standards as they do not conform to what they had been doing in the past.Pierce and Dougherty recommended that managers should not tolerate such differences within the company that came from a merger. The merging of two companies should be seen as a partnership not as one company swallowing another (158). The merger should invest on the strengths of both companies and strive to develop a better have company that can compete with any similar company in the world.In the process of recognizing the contribution of each single employee, whether he/she is a TWA employee or a former Ozark employee, communication processes that exhibit power imbalances will be minimized or will even be non-existent. Threats will no longer be necessity to achieve compliance and commitment. Instead, there will only be one airline company achieving its targets from the combined powers of TWA and Ozark.ReferencePierce, Tamyra Dougherty, Debbie S. The Construction, Enactment and Maintenance of Power-As-Domination through an Acquisition the Case of TWA and Ozark Airlines. Management Communication Quarterly 16.2 (2002) 129-164.

Organizational Characteristics Essay Example for Free

Organizational Characteristics searchThis paper testament describe the culture and the makeupal characteristics of a chosen organization, Publix Supermarkets. Detailed throughout get out be the common characteristics of the organization as it operates on a day to day basis. Specific eithery the dust based on individual units, rules and norms expected of the blighters and supervisors as well as the hierarchy will be established for the reader to garner a better understanding. Further more, the discourse nedeucerks, organizational orientation, approaches to and by leaders members, as well as the decision making and communication procedures put forth by members of management will be analyzed. This paper will describe which 4 of these listed characteristics be most biasd by communication in the midst of members and directs of Publix Supermarkets. The author has been employed with this supermarket chain for more than 7 years and has ample knowledge and understanding on the organization as a whole.Common Characteristics of an Organization Publix Supermarkets is a food product chain un akin umpteen others for a variety of reasons. Founded in 1930 in Winter haven, Florida by George W. Jenkins, Publix is cognize for its customer first asynchronous transfer mode and pleasurable shopping experience. The grocery chain whose motto states they will never knowingly disappoint their customers operates in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and Tennessee and currently has more than 1000 stores in operation (Publix.com).Jenkins supermarket chain has continued to grow on their customer favourable air sense. Publix has since become a Fortune 500 social club and is privately held and owned by its employees. For as well as they treat their customers, the chain treats its associates and management staff just as well if not better. Publix moulders who have been with the company a base number of years receive shares of carry for both 1000 hours worked, and can purchase more shares of stock at almost any metre during a given year. The grocery chain is also well known for its high ranking employee benefits and inter baffle in the employment world. Rules/Norms (Written and Unwritten)Outside of the big green P logo, the Publix atmosphere is what customers relate to with the chain more than anything else. Communication with customers is a study asset in following proper Publix protocol. The smiling helpful associates, wipe stores, and consumer friendly set up of fruit is where Publix truly prides itself as an organization. Each experience ends with a friendly cashier and bagger, and the bagger will endlessly bring the customer to their vehicle and help load product into the car for them. Believe it or not this all relates to performance evaluations that are d maven quarterly, where associates are evaluated on their behavior amongst the customers. Customer intimacy is something Publix scratchs really seriously.The Publix image extends o nto its associates as well. All employees are expected to manoeuvre up to work on time and be full-strength shaven in full clean uniform attire. Each department and job class has their own specific uniform however all include proper hygiene, reasonable hairstyling, and proper equipment to perform their tasks to better serve the shoppers. Publix is an organization that understands how to promote their pock by utilizing all available options to do so. Clean stores and clean happy associates promote the Publix Way. This plays a major role in nonverbal communication between Publix associates and their customers.Aside from dress code and customer relations, two major elements, in that location are many other standards Publix employees are held to. A good example of one unwritten Publix rule would be communication between associates when out on the sales floor during business hours must be respectful, and if at all possible must include the customer. Also, outside from positive commun ication both verbal and nonverbal with customers and fellow associates employees are expected to communicate both effectively and respectfully with management teams as well. HierarchyThe Publix store level hierarchy is something that runs seemingly parallel in individually department throughout the store. Each department and sub department have their chain of command as follows part time associates, full time associates, assistant department animal trainer, and department manager. The two major departments, grocery and customer service, have the most associates, in order to better supervise their employees there is a position called a team leader that fits into the hierarchy between the full time associates and the management team.Publix is a company that only promotes from within. This is a big selling point for associates and applicants alike. Knowing that the opportunity for advancement is always there is a major asset for the associates in the store. Communications between the different levels of the chain of command are fluid. The associates can go to their department managers, or team leaders, with any concern or idea. The department managers at store level then communicate with the stores assistant manager and store manager about the associates ideas and concerns. Communication NetworksThe knowledge Publix gathers through their retail channels is usually tuition based on product analysis and placement that they can pass down to the management teams at store levels to assess further. Ultimately the store will latch on the advice of corporate and try to taper the information in the way it works most effectively for each store. Each store can take the same information and depict it differently. Information about new products, dismantlets, or openings may not influence all stores, or influence them all at the same level.There are times, during major events like hurricanes, holidays, or back to school time, where Publix store level employees must take the information sent to them by corporate including sales figures and forecasts in order to build the proper displays and floor models for customers to browse. Having product out that customers take interest in can help drive sales. The communication between the different levels of Publix Supermarkets goes hand in hand with communication networks at the store level. Leadership ApproachesA major tool in the tilt of communication at Publix is how they allow anyone who is willing to step up and be a leader, do so. When every associate feels that sense of empowerment in their employment it urges them to lead in a different way, work harder and do a better job to lead by example. Publix pushes their associates to be role models both in the stores, and in the community. The management teams are in place to ensure guidelines are followed, but showing select leadership through positive communication means so much more.Communicating with leaders is always a situation associates take very s eriously in any industry or business. This is no different in the retail world at Publix. Associates voice their concerns and feelings to their leaders, whether it be management, team leaders, or even fellow associates who take on the responsibility of leading a specific group. At Publix supermarkets the communication had with leadership is always something associates should come away from feeling they were heard out and understood, good virtue for any organization to sustain. ConclusionPublix through the years has become one of the most widely respected organizations in America. This is collect to the quality product and customer service put out the grocery chain, but also playacting a role in the respect factor is the culture of the organization. This of course starts at store level and works its way to the corporate ranks, and is in large part to do with positive, effective communication. Publix supermarkets are known throughout the world a company that is great to work for, ju st as much as they are to shop at.Through utilizing all of the common communication characteristics Publix has continued to promote a very associate friendly atmosphere through the years. The supermarket chain takes pride in the fact that each associate understands their value to their company and takes pride in hiring quality applicants. Publix utilizes its rules and norms, hierarchy, communication networks, and strong leadership approach in all day to day activities in order to remain a successful industry leader.

Art as Expression Essay Example for Free

Art as Expression EssayThe inquire of what graphics is send awaynot be properly answered without asking why art is. Prior to the advent of the written language, art was used as a means of communication, and in some ways, written language is in its ingest regard, art. Art, then, must be an expression of meaning by the workman, or potentially by the client that artist created the artwork for, but this assumption is altogether too broad.Art is not exclusively a cliquish expression because it is left open to interpretation by the individual who looks upon it, and as such art can then be categorized as the representation through a variety of mediums, of whatever the perceiver or artist thinks it should be. Which poses a greater question is something art if the individual who designed it had no think message? Or visa versa is something art if the consumer of the artform does not perceive any message?I was at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art about a two years ago, and the y had some very abstract pieces on display, all of which brought forth in me at least some semblance of a response, except for a piece by Robert Rauschenberg, call White Painting three panel, that began a philosophical debate between my familiar and I because I refused to call the painting art. To me, there was no way to interpret the three panels of white, they were solely empty canvases that Rauschenberg sold for substantially more than he bought them for.No soul, or emotion went into the piece and as I understand art, that does not qualify as any more than a man play a abstraction crazy consumer culture for the fool. To backtrack, art in my eyes is the true expression of an artist to the consumer, for the purpose of provocation art has to make something well up in a person, even if it is not enjoyment, even if it is sorrow, or anger.Art is the way we have always talked to each other as people, and the unadulterated aesthetic painters and songwriters of the last century do not produce art. Art is emotion and passion mix into something for others to partake in there is no private art, there is only art that no one else has applied their own perceptions to yet.

IT Governance Essay Example for Free

IT Governance EssayA presidential term view that consists of the line of descent face of IT ensuring that IT supports and enables the disdain dodging and the functional plaque of IT ensuring that the IT function itself runs efficiently and in effect (http//www.takinggovernanceforward.org).Executive SummarySuccessful enterprises recognize the benefits of data technology and mapping it to drive their stakeholders measure. These enterprises also deduce and tweak the associated attempts, such as increasing regulative compliancy and detailed dependence of many line of reasoning act upones on in castation technology (IT). The need for authorisation nigh the order of IT, the circumspection of IT- repaird risks and increased requirements for obligate over information ar now mute as key elements of enterprise governance.Value, risk and avow constitute the core of IT governance. statement Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT) provides good practices across a globe and surgical surgery mannikin and presents activities in a manageable and logical structure. COBITs good practices represent the consensus of experts. They atomic egress 18 strongly riveted more on simpleness, less on execution. These practices pull up stakes help optimize IT-enabled investments, take c ar proceeds delivery and provide a measure against which to judge when things do go wrong. For IT to be favored in delivering against patronage requirements, centering should put an inner(a) control administration or framework in place. The COBIT control framework contributes to these needs by* Making a link to the personal credit line requirements * Organizing IT activities into a by and large recognized process model * listing the major IT resources to be leveraged * Defining the precaution control objectives to be considered An adjudicate to these requirements of determining and monitor the appropriate IT control and executing trai n is COBITs definition of * Benchmarking of IT process mathematical operation and capability, expressed as maturity models, derived from the Softwargon Engineering Institutes Capability Maturity simulate (CMM)* Goals and metrics of the IT processes to define and measure their outcome and performance based on the principles of Robert Kaplan and David Nortons balanced business scorecard * Activity goals for getting these processes under control, based on COBITs control objectives The assessment of process capability based on the COBIT maturity models is a key part of IT governance implementation. After identifying critical IT processes and controls, maturity modeling enables gaps in capability to be identify and demonstrated to management. Action plans can thusly be developed to bring these processes up to the desired capability target level. Thus, COBIT supports IT governance by providing a framework to ensure that * IT is aligned with the business* IT enables the business and max imizes benefits* IT resources are utilisationd responsibly* IT risks are managed fitlyFigure 1 Adopted for this study Governance Focus atomic number 18as* Strategic alignment focuses on ensuring the gene linkage of business and IT plans defining, maintaining and validating the IT value proposition and aligning IT operations with enterprise operations. * Value delivery is about executing the value proposition throughout the delivery cycle, ensuring that IT delivers the promised benefits against the outline, concentrating on optimizing costs and proving the intrinsic value of IT. * imagination management is about the optimal investment in, and the proper management of, critical IT resources applications programmes, information, infrastructure and people. Key issues relate to the optimization of knowledge and infrastructure.* Risk management requires risk awareness by senior corporate officers, a clear understanding of the enterprises appetite for risk, understanding of conformism requirements, transparency about the material risks to the enterprise and embedding of risk management responsibilities into the organization. * Performance measurement tracks and monitors strategy implementation, project completion, resource usage, process performance and service delivery, using, for example, balanced scorecards that translate strategy into action to achieve goals measurable beyond conventional accounting.COBIT role modelA control framework for IT governance defines the reasons IT governance is needed, the stakeholders and what it needs to accomplish. Why? Increasingly, top management is realizing the pregnant impact that information can fork over on the success of the enterprise. Management expects heightened understanding of the way IT is operated and the likelihood of its macrocosm leveraged successfully for competitive advantage. In particular, top management needs to know if information is being managed by the enterprise so that it is* Likely to achieve i ts objectives* Resilient abounding to learn and adapt* judiciously managing the risks it faces* Appropriately recognizing opportunities and acting upon them Successful enterprises understand the risks and exploit the benefits of IT and find ways to deal with* Aligning IT strategy with the business strategy* Assuring investors and shareholders that a standard of due care around mitigating IT risks is being met by the organization * Cascading IT strategy and goals down into the enterprise* Obtaining value from IT investments* Providing organizational structures that facilitate the implementation of strategy and goals* Creating structural relationships and impelling communication between the business and IT, and with outside partners* Measuring ITs performance efforts cannot deliver effectively against these business and governance requirements without adopting and implementing a governance and control framework for IT to* Make a link to the business requirements * Make performanc e against these requirements transparent * Organize its activities into a more often than not accepted process model * Identify the major resources to be leveraged * Define the management control objectives to be considered Furthermore, governance and control frameworks are sightly a part of IT management good practice and are an enabler for establishing IT governance and complying with continu wholey increasing regulatory requirements. IT good practices have become significant due to a number of factors * Business managers and boards demanding a better(p) return from IT investments, i.e., that IT delivers what the business needs to enhance stakeholder value * Concern over the generally increasing level of IT expenditure* The need to regard regulatory requirements for IT controls in areas such as privacy and financial inform (e.g., the US Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Basel II) and in specific sectors such as finance, pharmaceutical and healthcare * The selection of service providers and the management of service outsourcing and acquisition * Increasingly complex IT-related risks, such as network trade protection * IT governance initiatives that take on adoption of control frameworks and good practices to help monitor and improve critical IT activities to increase business value and reduce business risk * The need to optimize costs by following, where possible, standardized, rather than specially developed, set aboutes * The growing maturity and consequent acceptance of well-regarded frameworks, such as COBIT, IT InfrastructureLibrary (ITIL), ISO 27000 series on information security-related standards, ISO 90012000 Quality Management SystemsRequirements, Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), Projects in Controlled Environments 2 (PRINCE2) and A channelise to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) * The need for enterprises to assess how they are performing against generally accepted standards and their peers (benchmarking)Who?A governance and control framework needs to serve a variety of internal and external stakeholders, each of whom has specific needs * Stakeholders within the enterprise who have an interest in generating value from IT investments* Those who father investment decisions* Those who decide about requirements* Those who use IT services* Internal and external stakeholders who provide IT services* Those who manage the IT organization and processes* Those who develop capabilities* Those who operate the services* Internal and external stakeholders who have a control/risk responsibility* Those with security, privacy and/or risk responsibilities* Those performing compliance functions* Those requiring or providing assurance servicesWhat?To picture the requirements listed in the previous section, a framework for IT governance and control should * Provide a business focus to enable alignment between business and IT objectives * make water a process orientation to define the orbital cavity and extent of coverag e, with a outlined structure enabling easy navigation of content * Be generally acceptable by being consistent with accepted IT good practices and standards and independent of specific technologies * Supply a super acid language with a set of terms and definitions that are generally understandable by all stakeholders * Help garner regulatory requirements by being consistent with generally accepted corporate governance standards (e.g., COSO) and IT controls expected by regulators and external auditorsIT ResourcesThe IT organization delivers against these goals by a clearly defined set of processes that use people skills and technology infrastructure to run automatize business applications while leveraging business information. The IT resources identified in COBIT can be defined as follows * Applications are the automated user systems and manual procedures that process the information. * Information is the data, in all their forms, input, processed and output by the information sys tems in whatever form is used by the business. * Infrastructure is the technology and facilities (i.e., hardware, operating systems, database management systems, networking, multimedia, and the environment that houses and supports them) that enable the processing of the applications. * quite a little are the personnel required to plan, organize, acquire, implement, deliver, support, monitor and evaluate the information systems and services. They may be internal, outsourced or undertake as required. cultivateesTo govern IT effectively, it is important to appreciate the activities and risks within IT that need to be managed. They are usually tenacious into the responsibility domains of plan, build, run and monitor. The four interrelated domains of COBIT are * Plan and Organize (PO)Provides direction to solution delivery (AI) and service delivery (DS) * Acquire and Implement (AI)Provides the solutions and passes them to be turned into services * Deliver and Support (DS)Receives the solutions and makes them useable for end users * Monitor and Evaluate (ME)Monitors all processes to ensure that the direction provided is followedPlan and organize (PO)This domain covers strategy and tactics, and concerns the identification of the way IT can best contribute to the achievement of the business objectives. The realization of the strategic spate needs to be planned, advertised and managed for different perspectives. A proper organization as well as proficient infrastructure should be put in place. This domain typically addresses the following management questions * Are IT and the business strategy aligned?* Is the enterprise achieving optimum use of its resources?* Does everyone in the organization understand the IT objectives?* Are IT risks understood and being managed?* Is the quality of IT systems appropriate for business needs? Acquire and implement (AI)To realize the IT strategy, IT solutions need to be identified, developed or acquired, as well as implemented and integrated into the business process. In addition, diverges in and maintenance of existing systems are covered by this domain to make sure the solutions continue to meet business objectives. This domain typically addresses the following management questions * Are new projects likely to deliver solutions that meet business needs? * Are new projects likely to be delivered on time and within work out? * Will the new systems work properly when implemented?* Will changes be made without upsetting contemporary business operations? Deliver and support (DS)This domain is concerned with the actual delivery of required services, which includes service delivery, management of security and continuity, service support for users, and management of data and operational facilities. It typically addresses the following management questions * Are IT services being delivered in line with business priorities? * Is IT costs optimized?* Is the workforce able to use the IT systems productively and safely? * Are adequate confidentiality, integrity and availability in place for information security? Monitor and evaluate (ME)All IT processes need to be regularly assessed over time for their quality and compliance with control requirements. This domain addresses performance management, monitoring of internal control, regulatory compliance and governance. It typically addresses the following management questions * Is ITs performance measured to detect problems before it is too late? * Does management ensure that internal controls are effective and efficient? * Can IT performance be linked back to business goals?* Are adequate confidentiality, integrity and availability controls in place for information security?Processes need ControlsControl is defined as the policies, procedures, practices and organizational structures conceptioned to provide reasonable assurance that business objectives result be achieved and unwanted events will be prevented or detected and corrected. IT con trol objectives provide a complete set of high-level requirements to be considered by management for effective control of each IT process. They * Are statements of managerial actions to increase value or reduce risk * Consist of policies, procedures, practices and organizational structures * Are designed to provide reasonable assurance that business objectives will be achieved and undesired events will be prevented or detected and correctedEnterprise management needs to make choices relative to these control objectives by* Selecting those that are applicable* Deciding upon those that will be implemented* Choosing how to implement them (frequency, span, automation, etc.) * Accepting the risk of not implementing those that may apply The control objectives are identified by a two-character domain reference (PO, AI, DS and ME) plus a process number and a control objective number. In addition to the control objectives, each COBIT process has generic control requirements that are identifi ed by PCn, for process control number. They should be considered together with the process control objectives to have a complete view of control requirements.PC1 Process Goals and ObjectivesDefine and communicate specific, measurable, actionable, realistic, results-oriented and timely process goals and objectives for the effective execution of each IT process. Ensure that they are linked to the business goals and supported by suitable metrics.PC2 Process Ownership advance an owner for each IT process, and clearly define the roles and responsibilities of the process owner. Include, for example, responsibilityfor process design, interaction with other processes, right for the end results, measurement of process performance and the identification of improvement opportunities.PC3 Process Repeatability cast and establish each key IT process such that it is repeatable and consistently produces the expected results. Provide for a logical but flexible and saleable sequence of activities t hat will lead to the desired results and is agile enough to deal with exceptions and emergencies. Use consistent processes, where possible, and tailor only when unavoidable.PC4 Roles and ResponsibilitiesDefine the key activities and end deliverables of the process. Assign and communicate unambiguous roles and responsibilities for effective and efficient execution of the key activities and their documentation as well as accountability for the process end deliverables.PC5 Policy, Plans and ProceduresDefine and communicate how all policies, plans and procedures that drive an IT process are documented, reviewed, maintained, approved, stored, communicated and used for training. Assign responsibilities for each of these activities and, at appropriate times, review whether they are executed correctly. Ensure that the policies, plans and procedures are accessible, correct, understood and up to date.PC6 Process Performance ImprovementIdentify a set of metrics that provides insight into the o utcomes and performance of the process. Establish targets that reflect on the process goals and performance indicators that enable the achievement of process goals. Define how the data are to be obtained. Compare actual measurements to targets and take action upon deviations, where necessary. Align metrics, targets and methods with ITs overall performance monitoring approach. Effective controls reduce risk, increase the likelihood of value delivery and improve efficiency because there will be fewer errors and a more consistent management approach.In addition, COBIT provides examples for each process that are illustrative, but not prescriptive or exhaustive, of* Generic inputs and outputs* Activities and guidance on roles and responsibilities in a Responsible, Accountable, Consulted and advised (RACI) chart * Key activity goals (the most important things to do)* MetricsBusiness and it controlsThe enterprises system of internal controls impacts IT at three levels * At the executive m anagement level, business objectives are set, policies are complete and decisions are made on how to deploy and manage the resources of the enterprise to execute the enterprise strategy. The overall approach to governance and control is established by the board and communicated throughout the enterprise. The IT control environment is directed by this top-level set of objectives and policies. * At the business process level, controls are applied to specific business activities. Most business processes are automated and integrated with IT application systems, resulting in many of the controls at this level being automated as well. These controls are known as application controls. However, some controls within the business process tarry as manual procedures, such as authorization for transactions, separation of duties and manual reconciliations.Therefore, controls at the business process level are a combination of manual controls operated by the business and automated business and ap plication controls. Both are the responsibility of the business to define and manage, although the application controls require the IT function to support their design and development.* To support the business processes, IT provides IT services, usually in a shared service to many business processes, as many of the development and operational IT processes are provided to the whole enterprise, and much of the IT infrastructure is provided as a common service (e.g., networks, databases, operating systems and storage). The controls applied to all IT service activities are known as IT general controls. The original operation of these general controls is necessary for reliance to be placed on application controls. For example, poor change management could jeopardize (accidentally or deliberately) the reliability of automated integrity checks.SummaryEstablishing an effective governance framework includes defining organizational structures, processes, leadership, roles, and responsibiliti es to ensure that enterprise IT investments are aligned and delivered in accordance with enterprise strategies and objectives. Control over the process of providing IT governance that satisfies the business requirements for IT of integrating IT governance with corporate governance objectives and complying with laws, regulations and contracts. By rivet on preparing board reports on IT strategy, performance and risks, and responding to governance requirements in line with board directions.Achieved by* Establishing IT governance framework integrated into corporate governance* Obtaining independent assurance over the IT governance status. Measured by* Frequency of board reporting on IT to stakeholders (including maturity)* Frequency of reporting from IT to the board (including maturity)* Frequency of independent reviews of IT complianceReferences* Cobit 4.1 http//www.itgi.org* IT Governance Harvard University March 31, 2008* Governance Objective and Governance views of IT (Mapping) htt p//www.takinggovernanceforward.org

Homelessness Essay Example for Free

Homelessness EssayHomelessness is defined as the perspective where one has no decent place to stay mostly because they cannot afford it. Homeless families be those who deficiency permanent places to live in and instead induce to live in shelters, motels, cars, campgrounds or with family members or friends. The extent of home platelessness varies with varying factors in the US for instance the geographical location, gender and age. (Levinson D, 2004). Homelessness in the USA is a social or rather a national problem that has been increasing over the age. Giving the charter or accurate figures of homeless large number in the US is a difficult task as it tends to be a temporary problem. Again, the approach used to count the homeless people is using the advantage providers who deal with them paving style for miscounting as not all homeless people would use much(prenominal) facilities. According to a research by the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty in 2007 t here were approximately 3. 5million people in America out of which 1. 35 were children.The population affected by poverty is diverse in the sense that it incorporates single adults, adults with children as well as the homeless youth. (National densification for the Homeless, 2008). This paper will focus on the nature, scope and population affected by homelessness in the US it will excessively highlight the possible solutions to the problem. As David in Encyclopedia of homelessness noted one way of estimating the extent of family homelessness in the US was to establish the number of homeless people who were from homeless families.It was established that over 41% of the homeless people came from homeless families. (Levinson D, 2004). The National nuclear fusion reaction for the Homeless estimated that in 2003 the number of children infra 18 long time was 39% of the total homeless population 42% of which were children below quint years of age. In terms of gender, the proportion of the males versus females varied when varying factors were put into account. For the single adults without children males were more than females at 65% but for those with children the proportion was lower at 35%.The number of homeless people with children has been increasing over the years in both the rural as well as the urban areas. (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2008). The account of homelessness in the US dates back to the period before the American Revolution and is therefore not a recent phenomenon. This was triggered by the need to seek better employment opportunities in places far from homes. The issue so far came to the public domain in the 1980s and the national, state as well as local governments channeled funds to resolve the problem. (Rossi P, 1991).These efforts included the establishment of shelters and housing programs but the problem persisted precipitating the adoption of another simulation to address the issue. It became apparent that the homeless need ed the provision of supportive programs and the housed homeless would be treated as tenants in their permanent housing. (Levinson D, 2004). As various scholars ca-ca established the major cause for homelessness in the US is poverty which bewilders houses unaffordable to many who can barely afford the necessities of life let alone the expensive houses. (Ploeg J and Scholte E, 1997).Such people cannot afford food, health care, education and child care. Despite the fact that over the years the economy has been growing and it is expected that peoples standards would improve this has not been attained in a uniform manner. Low income earners have faced the music as their pays have remained relatively low and this situation is made worse by the fact that their jobs offer minimal or no benefits. (Burt R, 1999). Their reward have either remained stagnant or have been falling all attributed to the fact that the bargaining power of the fag unions has garnishd and the value of the minimum wages eroded.Temporary or part time jobs, increased globalisation and a reduction of jobs in the manufacturing sector withal contribute to reduced wages. Reduced wages make housing unaffordable to many as housing costs more than the minimum wage. Proof that the reduced wages play a significant role in perpetuating homelessness in the US can be seen in the high numbers of fulltime employed worker living in shelters. (Levinson D, 2004). A reduction in federal assistance to the measly has in any case led to aggravated poverty rates which lead to homelessness.Programs that initially assisted the poor for instance the Food Stamps and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families have been reduced and the poor have to feel the full weight of all the costs they need to meet. (Levinson D, 2004). Lack of housing assistance programs also makes the problem of homelessness intense. Low cost housing units introduced were ineffective in realizing the intended goal of assisting the needy. Some were born-again to expensive apartments and the poor were left unassisted. A stronger economy sees the prices of housing rise making them unaffordable to many poor people. Levinson D, 2004).There were also minimal house assisted units against a massive number of poor people and many had to stay on long waiting lists. As people wait to be located on the low cost housing units they had to look for places to live in. Other factors that trigger homelessness include the lack of affordable health care which sees people with an added cost to meet. Domestic violence also leads to homelessness especially when knock about unemployed women run away from their battering and bread winner husbands. Mental illness also plays a role in influencing homelessness in the US.Statistics have it that over 15% of the total homeless population suffers from about form of mental illness. Some suffer from chronic or persistent mental illnesses or disorders. (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2008). Natural ca lamities are also to blame for homelessness in America. A good illustration is the hurricane Katrina and Rita which saw the dying of over 300000 homes. (Mathison S and Ross E, 2008). Since the problem of homelessness is caused by many factors, no single solution would suffice to cut down it out.It is important to adopt both proactive as well as reactive approaches. Proactive measures would be geared to preventing homelessness while the reactive measures would be resolving the problem after its occurrence. It would be vital to visualise that the minimum wage is uplifted so that even the low income earners have a higher cadence of money at their disposal. The government ought to renew its commitment in providing low cost housing units. educational programs among the homeless would place them at a better position in seeking for employment opportunities in the very competitive job market.This way the vicious circle of homelessness would be reduced. The government can also adopt meas ures that would ensure increased job opportunities as unemployment triggers homelessness. The adoption of community based programs for instance transitional housing as well as emergency shelter only offers temporary solutions and permanent solutions are vital. Since the homeless face many problems ranging from insecurity, inadequate health food supplies and medical care facilities their provision would be effective. (Wiecha L, Dwyer T and Dunn-Strohecker, M, 1991).The government at the various levels must see to it that the homeless gain accessibility to prime(a) health as well as enough and nutritional food. The young children especially those below five years of age must be treated with the specialty they deserve. (Backner I and Bassouk E, 1997). Appropriate strategies must also be enforced to allow those suffering from mental illnesses that can be effectively treated from home gain access to housing as they form a sizable number of the homeless population. Programs to reduce alc ohol and drug abuse would also be appropriate in the eradication of homelessness in the US. (Whitt C. 1994).

Investing in Low Income Housing Tax Credits Essay Example for Free

Investing in Low Income Housing appraise assign examineOverview of the LIHTCThe Low Income Housing taxation Credit (LIHTC) provides incentives for corporations and undivideds to invest in the acquisition, organic evolution and rehabilitation of inexpensive trapping. The plan offers federal valuate attribute to insular impartiality investors that work with profit or non-profit developers in constructing or renovating engrossal properties for low-income tenants, those who earn 60 percent or less of the median family income for their county. As of 2010, the program has sparked the pull of over 1.7 million housing units passim the country. The IRS entirelyocates federal evaluate attribute to Housing Credit Agencies (HCAs) in each state based on its population. HCAs award assign to housing developers based on their p sackant Allocation Plan (QAP), a rigorous and competitive application employ to determine which developers will se repossess the credits. Once cr edits ar acquired, rectitude investors purchase an following in the business entity generating the tax revenue credits, videlicet a circumscribed union or limited liability comp either.The equity generated from the investors purchase is used to fund the property development. The tax credits be redeemed annu every last(predicate)y by investors over a ten-year point in time following the understand that the property becomes operational, or placed in service. The number of tax credits, and later on the add up of equity raised, is calculated by computing the eligible basis, or the dollar amount of any depreciable costs of the nominate (which excludes the cost of land acquisition and operating reserves) minus ineligible sources of funding manage grants or federal subsidies. The eligible basis is then multiplied by the percentage of eligible tax credit units in the purport (at least 20 percent and up to 100 percent of all units in the building) to calculate the subordin ate basis. The investor may later claim either 9 percent or 4 percent of the qualified basis amount in tax credits per year, depending on whether the tramp is a new construction or rehabilitation of an existing structure..As of March 2012, the average terms for a credit is around $.94. Price fluctuates depending on the geography of the deal, the size of the project, the perceived risk of failure, and whether the project is a new construction or rehabilitation. In rescript to redeem the credits, the property moldiness rent either 20 percent or more of the units to tenants whose incomes are at or below 50 percent or less of the land median gross income, or 40 percent or more of the units to tenants whose incomes are at or below 60 percent or less of the area median gross income.The property must fulfill these and other operational requirements for a 15-year accord period. bereavement to meet these requirements during the compliance period results in an IRS experience of tax cr edits plus sake and penalties. numerous states offer their own low-cost housing tax credits to provide further incentives by accession potential returns. Projects in certain(a) areas (Difficult Development Areas) receive a 30 percent increase in qualified basis as well.Options for Investment in LIHTCLIHTC transactions are structured such that the developer manages the day-after-day operation of the property while the investor takes a passive role in management and collects virtually all the tax credits. The parties create a limited partnership or limited liability company where the investor is typically a 99.99% limited partner or non-managing member and the developer is a 0.01% general partner or managing member. This regularity shields investors from liability beyond their capital contributions and allows the developer to maintain cut back over management affairs. There are cardinal methods of investing in LIHTCs. The first is a direct enthronization or private placement, where the investor purchases the rights to future tax credits from a single developer in return for an equity contribution. The developer and investor form a limited partnership where the investor retains a 99.99% ownership interest and claims use of 99.99% of the tax credits and other eudaemonias.Large banks and blue-chip corporations are the typical direct investors, mainly be evidence they possess vast amounts of financial and administrative resources. Private placements are capable namely for single entities that manage their own enthronisation affairs and desire complete transparency throughout the project. These investors generate more net equity since they save costs otherwise incurred by hiring syndicated coin to get and underwrite the affordable housing development project. Another avenue through which to invest in tax credits is with a syndicator, a financial intermediary that raises funding from many investors, usually on an annual basis, and makes equity capital c ontributions to multiple affordable housing projects. Indirect Investment through syndicated notes provides a means by which individual investors, midget association banks, and small corporations without the resources of large banks can invest in LIHTCs.A syndicator will attract investors and form a limited partnership agreement where the syndicator typically holds a .01% interest as general partner and various investors will comprise the other 99.99% ownership interest as limited partners. This limited partnership syndicate fund will then become the 99.99% limited partner in several LIHTC projects to allow tax credits to pass through to investors. The syndicator investigates the market for affordable housing development and chooses a number of projects in which to invest.The syndicator then directs private equity capital from the limited partners of the syndicate fund to multiple affordable housing developments and returns tax credits back to each investor in proportion to their capital contribution. A few syndicate funds be possessed of missions that are aligned with non-profit developers. A syndicators experience with affordable housing development is invaluable to investors as it minimizes risk and increases investor confidence. The syndicator does all imputable diligence and underwriting for the project, so investors can take a passive role. Syndicate funds are pattern for investors that cannot afford to hire relationship managers, compliance specialists, and underwriters to oversee development.A Worthwhile Investment preferenceA tax credit provides a dollar-for-dollar reduction in tax liability, un care deductions that simply reduce the amount of taxable income for a particular taxable year. Even though investors contribute capital based on the amount paid per tax credit, other tax benefits are transferred to the investor in the form of passive losings and deductions available to any holder of rental real terra firma property. These include proper ty depreciation deductions, interest expenses, business and maintenance costs, and others. Savings from tax-deductible expenses may not involve the financial advert of a tax credit, but it provides a quantifiable saving to the investor that helps add measurable value to tax credits beyond the amount of proportional tax liability they reduce. A qualifying tax credit investment results in a decrease of tax liability.The economic return on the investment, therefore, is not subject to state or federal taxation, unlike dividends or interest income from ancestrys or bonds. A dollar amount of taxable income is thence inherently less valuable than an identical amount of tax credits. Certain passive loss restrictions and the Alternative Minimum tax render tax credits less useful for the large majority of individual investors. Nonetheless, LIHTC projects were giving investors returns as high as 25%-30% during the early stages of the program. After growing competition increase pricing in the market for tax credits, yields encounter consistently shown 4%+ annual returns in new-fangled eld. LIHTC projects provide excellent returns for the risk involved, considering other investment alternatives available. temporary hookup the stock market has historically assumption investors yen-term returns of approximately 10% per year on average, there are sharp fluctuations from year to year.The stock market is also considered a more risky investment in comparison to U.S. treasury bonds or other corporate notes. The yields on these safer bonds are much less than that of the stock market. Investments in tax credits provide an interesting combination of risk mitigation potential and impressive earning yields. Unfortunately, the average investor has no control over the valuation of a certain corporate security, much less the performance of a rough-cut or index fund. However, private placement investors and syndicate fund managers can and do provide for strict oversight requi rements through contractual obligations imposed on the developer, which in turn helps mitigate risk of project failure. A rise in the valuation of a corporate security usually requires an indicator of increase earnings in the future, whether it is the introduction of a more efficient manufacturing technique, the release or upgrade of a new or existing product, or a similar corporate action.Any increase in the value of a security may be short-lived. An investor only realizes gain after a sales agreement that gain is taxed. LIHTC projects, on the other hand, do not require entire securities markets to move in order to obtain a profit. Aside from rigorous paperwork and professional fees, the tax credits will eventually square up in the hands of the investors so long as the developer does not fail to meet the various compliance requirements for the specified period. With continuous oversight, investors and fund managers can establish timelines for performance that may readily identify any setbacks or obstacles to completion. This may afford time to expedite construction or development and perhaps cure any potential defects in the plan. On the downside, securities markets provide instant liquidity LIHTC projects require at least 11 years to harvest all profits.Timelines provide further protection when equity contributions are make in response to the developer meeting certain milestones that render project completion more likely. By disbursing equity in stages, investors exert more control over the projects development and may select to alter the course of the project. For instance, the investor may attempt to remove the developer if confidence is undermined. The 15-year compliance period provides an identifiable date of exit, after which all profits (in the form of tax credit use) have been harvested.If investors decide to exit the venture, a secondary market has emerged where an investor may be able to sell the credits to third parties. Legislation passed in 20 08 allows limited partners to sell their ownership interests in affordable housing properties without facing recapture so long as the properties continue to operate as affordable housing. This allows a shortened holding period of up to 11 years as long as the property meets the 15-year compliance requirements. These advantages are largely untouchable to stock market investors and make tax credits a safe, viable and profitable investment alternative. These benefits pass uniformly to any tax credit investor.Large Banks, Larger BenefitsLarge banks and financial institutions are provided with a number of benefits that are generally inapplicable to individual and corporate investors, which in turn make credits more valuable and increases their market price. Banks subject to the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) are required to engage in certain activities that improve community development. Direct investments and loans made to LIHTC projects, or syndicated funds that invest therein, are considered qualified activities under the CRA.Banks receive positive CRA consideration not only for these loans and investments to community projects, but also when equity is transferred to LIHTC projects that serve broader statewide or regional areas that include a particular banks sound judgment area. An unsatisfactory CRA rating can cause banks to be denied or delayed in undertaking certain business activities like mergers, acquisitions, or the expansion of services. Thus, banks have strong incentives to invest in affordable housing development. LIHTCs are often a top choice for banks, who are obliged to make community development contributions, because not all CRA qualified activities provide similar returns.Financial institutions also benefit from establishing banking relationships with real estate developers. This allows banks to expand their revenues by providing new services to the project like pre-development loans, construction loans, mortgage financing, and credit lines . brace loans are especially enticing, where banks loan large amounts of capital to syndicated funds or other Private correct investors without the cash reserves to make the up-front equity contributions required by developers before any tax credits can be redeemed.Moreover, banks have the financial capacity to create long-lasting resources to assist in affordable housing investment. The underwriting and due diligence for a LIHTC project requires a number of services and incurs various costs. While syndicated funds spread these costs over a number of investors, banks are in a position to pay for these costs themselves. By establishing separate departments to oversee tax credit financing, banks make a one-time investment in an oversight apparatus that will operate over an indefinite number of LIHTC projects. These in-house professionals will increase in value as their experience expands and efficiency improves. Any bank with the capacity to conduct private placement investing in L IHTCs probably does so.Syndicated Funds Investment Mechanisms for the Unsophisticated assess Credit InvestorA multi-investor syndicated fund provides a number of additional benefits to potential tax credit investors. It is helpful to analogize syndicated funds to mutual funds for the purpose of identifying their advantages. Just like mutual funds, where fund managers collect funding from many investors and create a diversify portfolio that is professionally managed, syndicated funds act in a similar fashion. Syndicated funds invest in multiple affordable housing developments, often in various geographic regions and with contrary housing developers. This allows investors to spread risk amongst different LIHTC projects so that if one project fails, their entire equity committedness is not lost. Investing with multiple investors allocates risk of loss more evenly and makes LIHTC investments a safe investment alternative.Furthermore, reputable syndicated funds are professionally mana ged by experienced, sophisticated tax credit professionals that probably have more knowledge about tax credit investing than any prospective investor. Few institutions and entities have enough capital reserves to fund an entire project single-handedly syndicated funds combine investor contributions, allowing small entities like community banks and mid-size companies to have the flexibility of choosing how much capital to contribute to tax credit investment. The end result is an excellent mechanism through which unconventional tax credit investors can participate in the competitive market for tax credits. Even though funds collect a percentage fee, diversified portfolios will likely contain projects in DDAs to provide marginal increases in tax benefits.Corporations and Tax Credits A Goodwill Investment.LIHTC are beneficial to corporations because annual tax credits have a positive impact on earnings per share, since credits reduce tax liability without diluting earnings. Tax credits are usually a profitable investment because most companies sustain consistent tax liability for years on end. Tax credit investment declined during the 2008 market downturn, but has steadily increased with general economic improvement. Companies like Google, Verizon, Liberty Mutual, and others have invested in affordable housing developments across the country.An additional and measurable economic benefit to corporations is the increased value of a trademark or goodwill associated with a company that invests in community development. This type of investment may also attract positive publicity and media coverage, which in turn may increase corporate securities valuation. Large corporations are also in a coveted position to accept direct investment and avoid paying fees to syndicated funds.Safe, but Not That Safe.While LIHTC investments may be safer than similar investment with similar yields, the risks must be identified for informed decision-making. Potential tax credit recapture and loss is the greatest riskthe project must maintain specific requirements over a period of 15 years and strict deadlines must be met. The investor must assume the risk of any halt to completion of construction, no matter how farfetched, and recapture liability remains with the initial investor even if the credits are sold on the secondary market. Risk of failure extends for a prolonged period of 15 years where strict operational requirements must be met.Due to the speculation involved in predicting construction costs, securing accompanying financing, and meeting compliance deadlines in light of potentially unforeseen adverse events, a project must be very precisely calculated to increase the chance of success. Entities and individuals that invest in syndicated funds are in a better position to identify risks due to stringent government-imposed requirements for prospectuses and offering memoranda to be distributed to all potential investors.Inexperienced syndicators might overlo ok a key responsibility that can cause the project to fail. Repurchase obligations arguably provide a false sense of security to investors because most developers have small balance sheets and cannot afford to match the investors contributions. The risks involved in LIHTC investment can be mitigated with proper planning, continuous oversight, and an experienced syndicator. Banks with in-house asset management units can oversee property maintenance. Although investors spare lien priority to the primary mortgage holder, foreclosure rank are relatively low and occupancy rates relatively high. Tax credit projects are viable investment alternatives. 1 . Catherine Such, Low Income Housing Tax Credits. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Community Investments (Mar. 2002), http//www.frbsf.org/community/investments/lihtc.html. 2 . Michael J. Novogradac, Investing in Low-Income Housing Tax Credits, OCC Community Developments. (Mar. 2010), http//www.occ.gov/ tranquil/community-affairs/com munity-developments-investments/spring06/ investinginlowincome.htm. 3 . Id., See Understanding Low Income Housing Tax Credits How to unafraid Equity Investments and Evaluate Syndication Options. Corporation for corroboratory Housing (Mar. 2006),http//documents.csh.org/documents/ ResourceCenter/DevOpsToolkit/UnderstandingLIHTCspdf.pdf. 4 . Sherrie L. Rhine, Low-Income Housing Tax Credits inexpensive Housing Investment Opportunities for Banks. Community Affairs Development (Feb. 2008), Found in Real acres jurisprudence Clinic Course Reader, at p. 75. 5 . Lance Bocarsly, Real Estate Law Clinic Lecture. (Thursday September 6, 2012, 430pm.) 6 . Understanding Low Income Housing Tax Credits How to safe(p) Equity Investments and Evaluate Syndication Options, supra, Corporation for Supportive Housing (Mar. 2006.) 7 . In actuality, the percentage of qualified basis that determines the amount of tax credits is not exactly 9 or 4 percent. The rate for the 4 percent credit floats in a ccordance of rights with the Applicable Federal Rate and may fluctuate above or below 4 percent. The 9 percent credit will float beginning in 2013, although current legislation has been proposed to extend the 9 percent credit floor. House of Representatives Bill 3661 is making its way through Congress. See Mark Anderson, Tax Credit at Risk for Low Income Housing. Finance and Commerce (April 26, 2012, 435 pm). Available at http//finance-commerce.com/2012/04/tax-credit-at-risk-for-low-income-housing/. 8 . Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Facts Figures, Novogradac Affordable Housing Resource Center. http//www.novoco.com/low_income_housing/facts_figures/index.php. 9 . Tim Iglesias and Rochelle E. Lento, The Legal strike to Affordable Housing Development. Found in Real Estate Law Clinic Course Reader, at p. 28. 10 . Rhine, supra, Low-Income Housing Tax Credits Affordable Housing Investment Opportunities for Banks. Found in Real Estate Law Clinic Course Reader, at p. 87. 11 . Understan ding Low Income Housing Tax Credits How to Secure Equity Investments and Evaluate Syndication Options, supra, at p. 4. 12 . Id. 13 . Id. 14 . Novogradac, supra, Investing in Low-Income Housing Tax Credits. 15 . James L. Logue III, How LIHTC Funds Can Help Banks Invest in Affordable Housing. OCC Community Developments (Spring 2006). http//www.occ.gov/static/community-affairs/community-developments-investments/ spring06/howlihtcfunds.htm. 16 . Id.