HM Prison Service Essay

British is a very big company and its offices are all around the world and this why I think that the Chain of Command is more horizontally because its Directors and Managers are all over the places. They might have a Chief Executive from whom the orders are passed to directors. The number of workers in a chain of command id important to the efficiency of the business. But too long can make it difficult to communicate. HM Prison Service: Security – The department’s duty is to secure the prison so the other employee feels safer when they are working in this department and the other department.  Finance – Finance Department relates to every other department because every department has employee working in and they have to be paid by the Finance Department.  Operations – This Department relates because when an operation is going to happen they pass the information to the other departments. Personnel – This department relates to other departments because whenever a person is required for the Job for any department. The person is recruited by the personnel department.  Prison Health – This department relates to other departments because when an employee or a prisoner is injured or not feeling well, it means that they have to be taken to the Health Department.  Operational Policy – This department relates to operations department because when an operation is about to happen they have to pass the policies to the Operations Department. They have to be well organised to make all their aims and objectives possible and to make it an even easier place to work so that it can be more productive. There are different teams of people who are split into different functional areas so they are able to make the business operate more efficiently. All of the functional areas aren’t dependent on each other but have to work closely together to operate. There are six different functional areas of a business. I think because the organisation is not very large which means it has a very small and vertical Chain of Command. The more workers you have in the chain of command, the more specialised it becomes.  Segregation Unit – The purpose of the segregation is to maintain safety, its necessary to help prisoners address negative aspect of their behaviour and return to normal location as soon as possible. Example if someone is found breaking the rule, so they will lose privileges. Chaplaincy- The Chaplaincy provides spiritual care for all prison and all the staff, the team normally by an Anglican chaplain who will be responsible for the whole team including all the religions.  Education and Training – Educational and trainer services are available for all prisoners, assessing their skills and teaching basic and key skills. Some prisoners are offered further education. Housing Block/Accommodation – Prisoners live in housing blocks or residential accommodation.  Recreation Area – This area is responsible for the health and welfare of all of the prisoners. Some prisons have health care units where 24 hour nursing care is provided, whilst other prisons only provide primary care.  Workshop/Gymnasium – Workshop vary, and include contract cleaning, sewing, brick laying, car maintenance and light engineering work. Some prisons have craft workshops where anything that made by the prisoners may be sold for local charity. Health Care – This responsible for the health and welfare of all of the prisoners. Some prisons have health care units where 24 hour nursing care is provide, whilst other prisons only provide primary care.  Reception – Usually within housing blocks and has facilities such as TV rooms, pool tables and general open areas where prisoners can freely mix with each other. Visitors Centre – This varies from prison to prison, but usually provides an area where drinks and snacks can be bought. It’s usually where pre-visit checks take place, i.e. the name of the prison being visited and whether they are entitled to a visit. In the case of convicted prisoners, the visitor must be in possession of a valid visiting order which will show the name and number of the prisoner and the name and address of the person’s visiting. The Gate-House – Responsible for checking the ID of all staff, prisoners, visitors and contractors who are going into or out of the prison. This is noted to maintain in the correct roll of the prison. This usually confirmed with reception at any time.  Size – The larger organisation is the more formal the structure tends to become, in order to coordinate larger numbers of workers, departments and diversity of products. Because the BA organisation is a huge company and therefore the organisational structure is very long which makes it hard for BA to communicate with each others. This is where Technical and Operations area is most important because if that is not there they would not be able to communicate. Strategic plans – The type of structure depends on the strategic aims and plans of the business. For example, BA seeks to become more market oriented which will develop structures that place an emphasis on marketing and customers focus. External factors: Environment – BA has many competitors such as Ryan Air. Ryan Air are continually changing, what they have to offer. They may lower prices, bring out new products; engage in exciting new advertising campaigns, and a range of other activities. This is effect BA because they will loose their customers because they are getting better deals from Ryan Air.  Political – Example of Political factors for BA is that the government has put up taxations for BA which makes BA to increase the price of their flight which would affect BA to loose customers. Economic – The economy consists of businesses, individuals working in the functional areas and the government. Because it’s an international airline and BAA is getting the passengers from every corner of the world. This makes BA to pay for its resources such as labour and raw materials. Businesses are continually affected by changes in the economy.  Technological Factors – These factors result from the development of new techniques. Example, New types of products. For example in recent few there I massive change in IT which has transformed the way we run our lives.

Style, Tone, & Mood in Landlady

STYLE, TONE, AND MOOD IN LANDLADY Prose 1 Arief Febriyanto63708028 Moch Fajar Akbar63708014 Willi Adjie63706897 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER 2011 STYLE, TONE, AND MOOD 1. STYLE Style is the use of literary devices, tone, and mood in a particular way that makes author’s writing recognizable. In another word, the style of writing is the style of author who writes it. The author’s style can be recognized by the following components: †¢ Personal word choice or vocabulary †¢ Types of sentences Point of view from which the text is told †¢ Organization of the text To analyze an author style, we need to consider the point of view, formal or informal writing, structure of text, level of complexity in the writing, and overall tone. By using these features in writing, different meaning of the content are shown to the audience. Categories of Style Formal Style The following are some characters of formal style: †¢ Vocabul ary: high-level; business-like †¢ Organization of text: very structured; perhaps with subtopics †¢ Audience – usually 3rd-omnisicient point of view Sentences: structure varies (simple sentence/compound sentence/complex sentence) Informal Style The following are some characters of informal style: †¢ Vocabulary: low-level; perhaps slang; dialogue style †¢ Organization of text: more so narrative or note-like †¢ Audience: usually personal (more first or third-limited point of view) †¢ Sentences: mostly simple or compound sentences Organization of Text Writing is organized in various ways, depending upon the author’s purpose: to inform, to entertain, to express a belief or opinion, and to persuade. Text usually falls within one of these types of organizational patterns: †¢ Cause – Effect †¢ Problem – Solution †¢ Chronological (sequencing the order of events) †¢ Compare/Contrast †¢ Inductive (specific to general) †¢ Deductive (general to specific) †¢ Division into categories †¢ Ranking 2. TONE Tone is the author’s attitude toward the writing (his characters, the situation) and the readers. A work of writing can have more than one tone. An example of tone could be both serious and humorous. Tone is set by the setting, choice of vocabulary and other details. Identifying the tone is all about knowing the definitions of many descriptive vocabulary words. In literature an author sets the tone through words. The possible tones are as boundless as the number of possible emotions a human being can have. Has anyone ever said to you, â€Å"Don't use that tone of voice with me? † Your tone can change the meaning of what you say. Tone can turn a statement like, â€Å"You're a big help! † into a genuine compliment or a cruel sarcastic remark. It depends on the context of the story. 3. MOOD Mood is the general atmosphere created by the author’s words. It is the feeling the reader gets from reading those words. It may be the same, or it may change from situation to situation. Mood is the emotions that you (the reader) feel while you are reading. Some literature makes you feel sad, others joyful, still others, angry. The main purpose for some poems is to set a mood. Writers use many devices to create mood, including images, dialogue, setting, and plot. Often a writer creates a mood at the beginning of the story and continues it to the end. However, sometimes the mood changes because of the plot or changes in characters. Examples of moods include: suspenseful, joyful, depressing, excited, anxious, angry, sad, tense, lonely, suspicious, frightened, disgusted, etc. STYLE, TONE, AND MOOD OF LANDLADY 1. STYLE OF LANDLADY Informal style is applied in the short story Landlady. The style can be recognized by these components below: †¢ Personal word choice or vocabulary: The short story Landlady uses low level vocabulary many dialogues. Example: .. he got to Bath.. , But the air was deadly cold†¦, and â€Å"Well, you see†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . †¢ Types of sentences: Types of sentences used in Landlady mostly are simple and compound sentences Example: Billy was seventeen years old. He was wearing a new navy blue overcoat, a new brown trilby hat, and a new brown suit, and he was feeling fine. †¢ Point of view: The short story Landlady uses third person limited point of view. This use is to hide the intention of the landlady character which is to kill Billy Weaver character. For comparison, if the author uses the first person point of view so that the intention will reveal since the beginning of the story. Organization of the text: Narrative style is used in the short story Landlady. 2. TONE OF LANDLADY Some tones that are in the short story Landlady are as the following: ? â€Å"†¦nine o'clock in the evening and the moon was coming up out of a clear starry sky. But the air was deadly cold and the wind was like a flat blade of ice on his cheeks. † shows a sinister tone. ? â€Å"even in the darkness, he could see that the paint was peeling from the woodwork on their doors and windows, and that the handsome white facades were cracked and blotchy from neglect. † shows a scary tone. â€Å"He had never stayed in any boarding houses, and, to be perfectly honest, he was a tiny bit frightened of them. † shows a fear tone. ? â€Å"BED AND BREAKFAST, it said. BED AND BREAKFAST, BED AND BREAKFAST, BED AND BREAKFAST. Each word was like a large black eye staring at him through the glass, holding him compelling him. † shows a queer or weird tone. ? â€Å"she gave him a warm welcoming smile. † shows a gracious tone. ? â€Å"She seemed terribly nice. She looked exactly like the mother of one's best school-friend welcoming one into the house to stay for the Christmas holidays. shows a gracious tone. 3. MOOD OF LANDLADY There are two moods created in the short story Landlady; suspicious and surprising. Here are some parts of the story that lead us to feel suspicious: †¢ â€Å"I was wondering about a room. † â€Å"It's all ready for you, my dear,† she said. †¢ â€Å"I should've thought you'd be simply swamped with applicants,† he said politely. â€Å"Oh, I am, my dear, I am, of course I am. But the trouble is that I'm inclined to be just a teeny weeny bit choosy and particular; if you see what I mean†. †¢ â€Å"But I'm always ready. Every ­thing is always ready day and night in this house just on the off? chance that an acceptable young gentleman will come along. And it is such a pleasure, my dear, such a very great pleasure when now and again I open the door and I see someone standing there who is just exactly right. † She was half? way up the stairs, and she paused with one hand on the stair? rail, turning her head and smiling down at him with pale lips. â€Å"Like you,† she added, and her blue eyes travelled slowly all the way down the length of Billy's body, to his feet, and then up again. †¢ â€Å"Well, you see ? oth of these names, Mulholland and Temple, I not only seem to remember each one of them separately, so to speak, but somehow or other, in some peculiar way, they both appear to be sort of connected together as well. As though they were both famous for the same sort of thing, if you see what I mean ? like . . . well . . . like Dempsey and Tunney, for example, or Churchill and Ro os ­evelt. † â€Å"How amusing,† she said. †¢ Now and again, he caught a whiff of a peculiar smell that seemed to emanate directly from her person. It was not in the least unplea ­sant, and it reminded him ? ell, he wasn't quite sure what it reminded him of. Pickled walnuts? New leather? Or was it the corridors of a hospital? Here are some parts of the story that lead us to feel surprising: †¢ â€Å"But my dear boy, he never left. He's still here. Mr Temple is also here. They're on the third floor, both of them together. † †¢ â€Å"Excuse my asking, but haven't there been any other guests here accept them in the last two or three years? † â€Å"No, my dear,† she said. â€Å"Only you. † ———————– TONE: the way feelings are expressed MOOD: (sometimes called atmosphere) the overall feeling of the work

The Biogas Production Worldwide Environmental Sciences Essay

Energy is a necessary accompaniment of human being. Basically, there exist assorted beginnings of energy like coal and other crude oil merchandises that are commercially exploited for many utile grounds. These fossil fuels have become a strong pillar of the economic system and it has penetrated so deep in the mechanism of human life that it has become about impossible to believe of a universe running without fossil fuel. Yet it is a fact that this beginning of energy will non last everlastingly. Once, fossil fuels were available copiously and at low monetary values. However, nowadays its monetary value is high rocketing on the international market and it is besides going really scarce. The immediate consequence of this is that the universe is confronting the phenomena of rising prices and lifting monetary values. Furthermore, today there is an energy crisis that has arisen due to the fright that the blessings of fossil fuel may turn into a curse with its disappearing. In add-on, the combustion of fossil fuels releases C dioxide and other toxic gases in the ambiance and a direct effect of this is planetary heating.1.1 BackgroundEnergy and energy resources can be known to be the anchor for endurance on Earth. Peoples are to a great extent dependent on assorted energy beginnings like coal or fossil fuels so as to run into up with their day-to-day needs whether it is in the power sector, the transit sector or for cookery and warming intents and about 88 % of this demand is met by fossil fuels ( Peter Weiland, 2009 ) . It is predicted that the usage of dodo dodos will come near to exceling oil ingestion by 2017 ( IEA, 2012 ) . On the other manus, nursery gases ( GHGs ) emanations in the environment are besides increasing quickly, with C dioxide being the highest subscriber. Another planetary energy challenge is the depletion of fossil fuels. Due to the increasing demand, the handiness of the fuel is diminishing. In add-on, conventional oil and gas militias are large ly found in politically unstable states, doing its easiness of usage less accessible. In this context, biogas can be derived from wastes, carnal manure or energy harvests so as to run into with the increasing energy demand in the hereafter. Biogas can be defined as a versatile renewable energy beginning which can replace fossil fuels in the power and heat production sector and in the transit sector. It has the capacity to replace natural gas besides for bring forthing chemicals and liquefied crude oil gas for cooking intents. Table.1: comparing of heat values and efficiency of normally used fuels with biogas ( Nabard, 2007 ) Normally used fuels Calorific values in kg Calories Thermal efficiency Biogas 4713/M3 60 % Firewood 2093/kg 11 % Diesel 10550/kg 66 % Kerosene 10850/kg 50 % Gasoline 11100/kg–Biogas production through anaerobiotic digestion ( AD ) procedure has many advantages over other bioenergy signifiers. It is one of the most energy- efficient and environmentally friendly bioenergy engineerings. It non merely reduces the emanation of nursery gases drastically compared to fossil fuels, but it besides produces high class fertiliser as by- merchandise.1.1.1 Biogas production worldwideIn the field of biogas, Germany has built itself a universe top taking place. In 2006, it built 826 biogas systems to a sum increased production unit of 3700, hence doing Germany the figure one biogas- based energy manufacturer ( Energy solutions, 2012 ) . Figure.1: assorted substrates available in Germany holding the possible energy accumulated for biogas production ( Baltic Biogas Bus Project, 2012 ) The worldaa‚Â ¬a„?s biogas market is predicted to make $ 8.98 billion by the twelvemonth 2017, with the desire to cut down dependence on fossil fuels and to concentrate on eco- friendliness biogas plans ( GIA, 2012 ) . Latin America is besides good known for its biogas engineering in municipal natural sewerage intervention and landfill gas engineering. It has identified 25 types of wastes for biogas production. The state has 33 R & A ; D undertakings and since 1977, five undertakings have already been implemented to bring forth biogas from healthful landfills. Latin America produces about 217 million M3 per twelvemonth which is largely used for cookery, illuming, vehicle fuel and town gas. ( H.Naveau, 1993 ) Furthermore, the biogas market has grown quickly in the recent old ages for the cogeneration of heat and power and for the production of bio- methane to be used as vehicle fuel. In the European Union ( EU ) , 17 % of all the energy will hold to be produced from renewable beginnings, and in the conveyance sector it has to make 10 % of the entire harmonizing to the European Directive 2009/28/EC, therefore doing biogas the feasible solution to make this mark. The grounds for holding a spread out on the biogas energy market includes an addition in demand for distributed coevals, terrible environmental regulations originating due to tonss of pollution and an accelerating addition in substructure and vehicle build out accommodating with natural gas. Harmonizing to Pike Research, this fast- turning market reached $ 17.3 billion in planetary gross in 2011, and this will about duplicate by 2022 to an sum of $ 33.1 billion ( Globe- Internet, 2012 ) . biogas_640x383.jpg Figure 1. : Biogas market value by parts ( Pike Research, 2012 )1.1.2 Energy sector in MauritiusMauritius is an island holding no oil, coal militias or natural gas. It is to a great extent dependent on imported energy resources. The Ministry of Renewable Energy and Public Utilities ( MPU ) is responsible for the energy policy including energy, H2O and effluent in the island. The Central Board of Electricity ( CEB ) occupies the coevals, transmittal, distribution and sale of electricity and the State Trading Corporation ( STC ) import crude oil merchandises like gasoil, fuel oil and LPG. With the addition in criterion of life, industrialisation, population growing and more development in the transit sector, the energy demand is mounting at an exponential rate in Mauritius. We are going an energy dependent society and as per the graph below, the exportation of gas oil will be more than doubled by the twelvemonth 2025. Table 1. : Imports of energy beginnings in Mauritius in 2011 ( Energy and H2O statistics, 2011 ) Energy beginning 2011 ( Ktoe ) Gasoline 126.0 Diesel oil 313.0 Kerosene 4.5 LPG 71.6 Coal 409.3 Figure1.3: Prognosis of petroleumn merchandise imports in Mauritius ( Outline Energy Policy, 2007 ) Furthermore, with the depletion of the energy beginnings, the monetary value of the fuel are augmenting, therefore doing it more hard to afford. Hence, to avoid an energy crisis in the hereafter, other signifiers of energy resources need to be exploited which is environmentally friendly and has an infinite modesty. Figure 1.4: Tendency in monetary value of exported fuel from 2002 to 2011 ( Energy and H2O statistics, 2011 ) The figures above demonstrate how Mauritius depends greatly onto dodo fuels, and this tendency is traveling to increase in the old ages to come. Hence, new options need to be found so as to fit with this increasing demand. However, the surrogate options should be in line with the Maurice Ile Durable ( MID ) construct ; a renewable and environmentally friendly beginning. In each and every place in the Mauritanian society, one makes usage of LPG for cooking intents. The existent monetary value of the gas cylinder is Rs540. If the authorities maintains the monetary value at Rs330 for consumers, the STC will hold to look for Rs 820 million for subsidy. This is due to the increasing monetary value of butane and propane in the planetary market. Hence, to rectify this, cooking gas can be obtained locally from anaerobiotic digestion of organic waste to bring forth biogas. It fits in the MID, whereby harmonizing to Pr de Rosnay, 37 % of electricity will come from biomass/biogas by 2028.1.2 RationaleIn Mauritius, we are already a dodo fuel dependent society. Hence, to cut down this job of dependence on the already consuming resource, we can concentrate on the usage of biogas at our place itself. Furthermore, with the construct of the MID, we are following a renewable energy beginning, which in the class of clip can spread out to the production of electricity. Besides, we already have the job of overfilling of our landfill at Mare- Chicose. Thus, by utilizing our family organic waste, we non merely bring forth utile cookery gas, but we besides has as by- merchandise a high class fertiliser and we are relieving the job of our landfill. In add-on, by change overing the gas into methane to be used for cookery intents, big sums of C dioxide are non emitted in the environment, therefore protecting our planet from planetary heating. And besides, we are flinging much of the waste from the environing into utile merchandises. Last, with the enlargement of the biogas energy system in our state, more occupations can be created in the field of energy, whereby Mauritius can subsequently be self- sufficient in the production of cooking gas and finally in the production of electricity, therefore cut downing on imports.1.3 Purposes and AimsThe purpose of this undertaking is to bring forth an improved biogas system that can be adopted in a family for cooking intents along with implementing its safety processes. To accomplish this, the aims identified are: To hold an apprehension of the operation of the procedure to bring forth equal biogas for cookery. To better the biogas system by modifying the old set- up To optimise the system by concentrating on: Design of the system Ratio of substrate to be used Conditionss to see to prefer biogas production To modify a cookery range so as it can run on biogas. To do research lab proving to find the methane composing in the biogas and the warming value. To analyze the hazards and safety procedures associated with the digester and to implement it. To do an appraisal of the sum of gas produced for cookery intents1.4 Structure of studyChapter one- IntroductionThis chapter introduces the undertaking rubric and gives an overview of energy tendency in Mauritius and worldwide and the purpose and aims of the undertaking.Chapter Two- Literature ReviewThe types of anaerobiotic digestion procedure to bring forth biogas and the factors impacting the procedure are discussed, along with the production of biogas in the island. Besides, the safety and hazards associated with the system are identified.Chapter Three- MethodologyThe methods undertaken to build the reactor and analytical testing of the provender and merchandise of the biogas system are considered.Chapter Four- Design and ConstructionThe stuffs of building and cost analysis are assessed.Chapter Five- Results and DiscussionsThe economic analysis and findings from analytical trials are observed and discussed.Chapter Six- Safety ImplementationThe safety safeguards that need to be ap plied to the biogas system are discussed.Chapter Seven- Conclusion, Recommendation, Future worksA sum-up of the purposes of the undertaking is made and some recommendations and future work are mentioned for betterments.

Cereal Aisle Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cereal Aisle Analysis - Essay Example My observations are compiled in short statements in this report. First of all, there were ten different brands on display, out of which I could easily recognize three. These were Kellogg’s, Malt-O- Meal, and Cheerios. Among the Kellogg’s brand, and in the Breakfast Cereal category, there were 27 varieties of Breakfast Cereals, ranging from All- Bran to Mini – Wheat. Each one of them had their name and specialty prominently displayed on its cover. They were of distinct flavor and were available in five different sizes. The packets were specially designed to attract children. The focus on packing and labeling was such that many children were fascinated with them. (Kellogs, 2011) The second observation was that of brand Malt-O – Meal .The packing of Malt-O – Meal was very attractive and the shelves were segregated in two parts, cold and hot cereals. There was another category named Natural Cereal. On closer examination I found that they do not put artificial colors and used only natural preservatives. It gave a feeling that the company cares for the health of its customers. This made the choice easier, especially for the parents (MALT-O-MEAL, 2011) The third prominent brand which I observed was Cheerios. They had varieties for kids, parents, families and adults. I found it very interesting and observed that in the aisle only products meant for kids were stored. The packets were very well designed and as the name suggests, the labeling and packing conveyed the meaning of having fun (General Mills, 2011). I also observed the behavior of shoppers very minutely and there were six distinct behaviors which are worth mentioning here. In some cases, the children saw the displayed packets and took permission of their parents to go and have a look. Once they liked it, they took it out from the respective shelf and put it up for their parents to approve their choice. This type children were very well behaved and I did not find a singly parent declining the request of their children. The second behavior was different from the first one, in the sense that the children left their parents hand and simply grabbed the brand of their liking, In this case also, the parents were in agreement with the children’s choice but before they agreed, they did have a look at the brand and its label and read the nutritional value of the contents. In the third case, some children first grabbed the brand which they liked and then asked their parents for approval. This behavior was frowned upon by the parents. In the fourth instance, the children saw the brand, liked it but their parents were simply aghast with the choice and refused to buy it for them. Later on, after a lot of persuasion they did ask the

Industrial Revolution Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Industrial Revolution - Term Paper Example The revolution was mainly governed by several important innovations that came into being around that time. These new methods and ways of doing things promoted greater efficiency and productivity, thereby incurring larger profits for manufacturers and yielding the manufacturing industry to become, for the first time in history, a more valuable asset to the economy than the agricultural industry (Olson, 2002). One of the major innovations of this kind was the invention and improvement of the steam engine. Previously, America had employed man- or horse-powered machinery, but was now shifting towards the use of water to run machinery, a feat that saved capital and time, thereby greatly increasing productivity and reducing cost. While most of the revolution did still rely greatly on horse and man (because of the lack of knowledge and know-how), uptake of use of water and steam engines to run machinery by several important factories paved way for many smaller ones to do so as well. Thus, c reating a somewhat chain reaction that moved towards use of the steam engine on a much larger scale (Grayson, 2010). ... This situation benefited both parties, the consumers and the producers. Because of consumer attraction, many factory owners enjoyed large profits because of the increased consumer spending and activity in the economy, leading to growth of these trades and factories in the cities of America. Another major implication of this revolution was the increased GDP per capita than had been seen ever, and the effects of the increased exports to other countries could not be ignored. In fact, for the first time after 1812 and the restrictions that followed the Embargo, America was found to be active in trading with other countries, a feat that ameliorated the national funds. Moreover, because of the complete transformation of the production system and the introduction of machinery, many jobs opened up for workers thereby increasing employment in this sense. Naturally, a revolution of this scale was to have great effects on the infrastructure of cities, and this was made very evident in America. Because of the large number of people moving into cities to work, numerous buildings were made to house these people. Buildings got taller, more modernized but the living spaces became more compact. Furthermore, because the manufacturing industry is one that greatly relies on transport and movement of parts and goods between cities, one demanded major changes in infrastructure of the cities. Firstly, the need for better roads and bridges was felt to expedite delivery of goods, and so better roads, such as the Crumberland Road, came into being. Moreover, America saw the creation of the Erie Canal, which helped simulate the economy of New York thereby helping it

Wellness Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wellness Management - Essay Example They also include medical screening as well as on-site fitness programs and many more. The bottom line of these wellness plans is that healthy employees are considered to more productive and better for companies. Employees are considered to be the most valuable possessions of the company. (Treacy). The companies improve wellbeing and job satisfaction by conducting these wellness programs such as Zippos and Google are doing. In these programs, companies provide different facilities to the employees. For example, a company facilitates them with health regarding facilities, also allows time for the exercise and different healthy activities. The company gives the facility of the on-site kitchen and eating bar to promote healthy food consumption. For the sake of wellness program, the company also offers financial and other incentives as well. Wellness program also consists of various effective workplace programs and also maintains a health-focused environment that significantly benefits e mployers, employees, and their families. Wellness programs are not supposed to be costly at all as they can be designed using various low cost activities and regimes. It states that by practicing a wellness program, the company does not only get productive employees but it also drives the company towards achieving long-term benefits. Collectively, it can be stated that wellness programs are the fundamental need of any company’s strategy. These programs are based upon different activities such as health education and weight management programs.

Theory of knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Theory of knowledge - Essay Example The sole purpose of philosophical idealisms also poses a major influence in dignifying its worthiness in the human society, which clearly avows that educating is not the purpose of philosophy, but the purpose is to develop understanding (Hacker 2005, 7-12). Yet, this principle notion of philosophy does not advocate it’s obsolescing from the reality or reasonability. With reference to Socrates’ method to verify the reasonability of a philosophical idealism, one should emphasize the underlying meaning of the words and the association of truth with the idealized thought (Davis 2011, 19-20). Plato also argued that the real worthiness of philosophical idealism lies in delivering a true meaning of the opinions formed and the knowledge gained from reality (Howe 2006, 1). Astonishingly, assertions made by Ludwig Wittgenstein, in his most debated work, â€Å"On Certainty†, lacks in terms of adjusting with the praxis of reasonability, as described in the Socratic method an d even befitting with the essence of ‘true knowledge’ avowed by Plato. In Wittgenstein’s notes, which was later published as a book by G. E. M. Anscombe, following his death, claims have been made to counter the significance of habitual as well as perpetual doubts practiced in contrast to every aspect of philosophic idealisms. One of his notes thus proclaimed, â€Å"From its seeming to me - or to everyone - to be so, it doesn't follow that it is so. What we can ask is whether it can make sense to doubt it† (Wittgenstein 1969, 140). In his notes, Wittgenstein also argued that such practices must be rejected in most cases, if not in all; because doubts, as a form of philosophical skepticism, entrench into the beliefs in a radical form, contradicting the same ideology that articulated the grounds of those doubts. In his another note, Wittgenstein postulates, The statement â€Å"I know that here is a hand† may then be continued: â€Å"for it's my hand that I'm looking at.† Then a reasonable man will not doubt that I know. - Nor will the idealist; rather he will say that he was not dealing with the practical doubt which is being dismissed, but there is a further doubt behind that one. - That this is an illusion has to be shown in a different way (Wittgenstein 1969, 141). Many critics have thus far argued in contradiction as well as in agreement to these connotations. What remains common in most of these theses is the lack of understanding of Wittgenstein’s idealism, which is apparent in the way it is portrayed with some shallow illustrations. Perhaps, it is this gap that gave rise to the limitations of Wittgenstein’s arguments in contrast to the significance of philosophical skepticism. THESIS STATEMENT The lacuna of Wittgenstein’s arguments contrary to the practice of making doubts in philosophical ideologies becomes apparent when it is measured on the basis of Plato’s as well as Socrates’ methods of deriving a worthy result within the realm of philosophy. Based on this understanding, the thesis will argue that Wittgenstein’s idealism, as translated by G. E. Moore, lacks owing to its nature of fallacy being idealized on the basis of illustrations that either represent a universal truth or exemplify incontrovertible aspects to which, no contradictions apply as those are already proven, justified and accepted. In other

Define the Unique Selling Proposition ( USP) for Nordstrom. Describe a Assignment

Define the Unique Selling Proposition ( USP) for Nordstrom. Describe a USP for each keyroduct and create an Executive Summary - Assignment Example Nordstrom promises that the customer will not only get a product of high quality but also will get the best service from the product and from their staff (Nordstrom). Nordstrom has Jackets that they it calls â€Å"Jacket of all Trades†. The branding of the Jackets is the first unique aspect of the clothing. Secondly the branding proposes that the jackets they sell are for all occasions and third is that the jackets are of high quality at affordable prices and thus gives the customers value for their money and this also has the potential to attract new customers (Nordstrom). Nordstrom has a variety of key products and these include clothing, footwear, bedding, furniture, Jewelry, beauty accessories and house ware. The USP for these products is embedded in the overall companies USP of quality and service. All the products are of high quality and give the customers the service they are intended to give besides the exceptional service that the customers are given at the shops. For example their shops have personal stylists assigned to customers shopping for clothing and this shows how much they care about their customers (Nordstrom). Nordstrom, Inc. is America’s leading fashion specialty retailers. It was founded in 1901 as a shoe shop in Seattle, currently Nordstrom manage 225 stores in 30 states, including 117 full-line stores, 104 Nordstrom Racks, two Jeffrey boutiques, one treasure &bond store and one clearance store (Nordstrom 2). Nordstrom is also available online at  Nordstrom.com  selling on the internet and through its catalogs. Furthermore, the Company operates in the online private sale marketplace through its subsidiary HauteLook. Nordstrom, Inc.s common stock is publicly traded on the NYSE under the symbol JWN. Its mission is to provide the best possible customer service, selection, quality and value and this has made it attract a huge customer base (Nordstrom). The

Saudi Arabia's geography offers more opportunities than constraints Essay

Saudi Arabia's geography offers more opportunities than constraints - Essay Example The vast coastline offers potentials for transport, and the unique geographic features are untapped tourist attraction sites that can significantly develop the country. The paper, therefore, analyzes the positives of the location of Saudi Arabia in world geography as opposed to the perceived hindrances. It aims to instill information that Saudi Arabia is a land of opportunities, and the location is a blessing in disguise. As highlighted, Saudi Arabia is a big country in the Middle East. It borders seven countries some of which are Iraq, Oman, United Arabs Emirates (UAE), Jordan, and Peoples Republic of Yemen. The exceptional topographical location provides Saudi Arabia with opportunities for becoming the accessible and strategic market for west and east. The extensive boundaries also enhance the nation’s capacity to accommodate many products and the population is an ideal market for commodities from this nations. Therefore, the positioning is an excellent opportunity for market development and subsequent growth into an economic powerhouse of the Middle East. Saudi Arabia borders large continental water masses. Particularly, it has a vast coastline on the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. The exclusive feature offers magnificent control in shipping and water transport. Specifically, the nation can benefit more by establishing structures for shipping crude oil from the region to other parts of the world. Likewise, the positioning makes it a transit route for export and import goods for other nations in the area. Utilizing the sea and developing sophisticated transport channels are some of the opportunities at the disposal of the Saudi Government. Hence, the coastline has great potentials of making Saudi Arabia a prominent logistic and transport center if well managed. Saudi Arabia has assorted geographic structures that include grasslands, ranges forests, mountain, and deserts. Most of Saudi Arabia landmass comprises of desert. In addition, the country

Comparative Analysis of German, French and American Human Rights Law Essay

Comparative Analysis of German, French and American Human Rights Law - Essay Example This essay discusses that crucial importance of political rights and liberties in today’s evolving and fast-changing world cannot be overemphasized. It has been opined that political rights and liberties are of paramount importance because of their impact on other rights, such as social and economic rights. The universal condemnation of state-sponsored repression is due in large part to the globalized ideal of human rights where we see a whittling down of the concept of sovereignty in favor of the acceptance of international norms of human rights. Indeed, the protection of human rights is one of the fundamental aspirations of international law. In international law, the primacy of the State is the core principle of the international legal regime as it is traditionally known. It is the duty of international law, therefore, to interlock authority with power, and to ensure that authorized decision-makers regulate the actions of States. When the United Nations was created in 1948 by a world still reeling from the ravages of the Second World War and intent on healing the wounds wrought by it, it was tasked to become the primary agency in defining and advancing human rights. From then on, various other agencies were created, addressing specific human rights concerns. Notable examples of this are the International Labor Organization and the UNICEF. Within the jurisdiction of the individual states, however, human rights legislation evolves mainly as a result of case law, i.e., the jurisprudence based on decisions made by the Supreme Court on human rights disputes brought before it. Indeed, Indeed, society has come a long way towards preserving human rights, and righting the wrongs of the past with justice and accountability. Says Abrams and Ratner3: Societies long reluctant to investigate or prosecute human rights abusers have begun to do so with greater frequency. These include both those inquiring into the abuses of their own officials or former officials, as well as those investigating or prosecuting individuals who have committed abuses in other countries. This paper attempts to trace the role that case law has played in the legal systems of Germany, France and the United States with respect to the development and evolution of human rights. This paper shall also look into some of the more important and landmark decisions made in the respective jurisdictions and evaluate the degree to which these decisions have impacted on human rights. As the space for this paper is rather limited and the field of human rights is vast, this paper will focus on human rights law as it applies to freedom of religion and circumstances when it competes with the interests of the state to preserve certain values, e.g., neutrality and national security. Germany When people think of Germany and human rights law and religion, thoughts inevitably first turn to the end of the second world war, where Nazi soldiers had been prosecuted for gross war crimes committed against the Jews. The end of World War II ushered in a milestone for international criminal responsibility. The axis powers were completely annihilated and the allied powers were now determined not to repeat the mistakes of the past. It was only through punishing the guilty that the horrors and wounds of the victims could be assuaged. The allied states created the International Military Tribunal (IMT) for the prosecution of the men

Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology - Essay Example The study aims on molecular epidemiology approach to learn viral pathogens of aquaculture with dynamic approach to control the disease in aquaculture. The study emphasize on viral disease of salmonid fish; grounds, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), salmonid alpha virus (SAV) and infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV). Noteworthy upshots of molecular epidemiological incorporation to pursue the study encompass enhanced taxonomic categorization of viruses, an improved perception about natural allocation of viral strains, an augmented discernment about the derivations of viral strains in aquaculture, molecular epidemiological incorporation improves an access to understand the hazards caused due to translocation of pathogens as well as how viral strains outsmart their accepted host range. The process enhances the capability to mark out the basis of new-fangled infection outbursts. The process thereby enables the researchers to formulate the basis of expansion with suitable upgr ading if desired in diagnostic tools. The most imperative provision that researcher procure is the capability to categorize isolates procured with the molecular epidemiological procedures and therefore aims at better future research aspects. The introduction of new expertises like pyrosequencing enables researchers to produce explanatory molecular sequence data.

Discuss the importance of nature in Hardys Essay Example for Free

Discuss the importance of nature in Hardys Essay Nature was extremely important in the Victorian era, after God and religion, Hardy shows the importance of nature throughout ‘Tess of the D’urbervilles’ by certain techniques of language and structure. Hardy uses nature to explain and portray aspects that happened within the Victorian society, and Tess’s life itself; there is always a underlying piece of information. ‘They followed the way till they reached the beginning of the ascent on the crest of which vehicle from Tantridge was to receive her’ this extract informs us, as readers on several things, not only about Tess but also about the society in the Victorian era. ‘They followed’ in this context Tess is shown to be moving on with her life, and as she is about to move social class, her family are seen as beneath her in this aspect behind her, within the eyes of society itself. The extract goes onto say ‘beginning of the ascent’ this could be interpreted two different ways, either as Tess was moving on with her life, she is experiencing the change from a girl to a woman, a she becomes more independent and leaves her parents behind. However, it could be viewed in society eyes, that Tess is climbing the ascent, from the lower class to the higher class as she goes to meet Alec. These two interpretations, portray both society and the development of Tess’s character, society could also support the change within Tess, as when a girl becomes to work, she is vied as a woman. Another word in this quote that shows a strong aspect of society and current government threats is the word ‘vehicle’ as this portrays the threat of England and the industrial revolution, as well as presenting the equipment available to the upper class, that isn’t available to the lower class; again nature shows the importance of most things. At the very end of the quote the words ‘receive her’ presents Tess’s move up the social hierarchy as easy, as the upper class was waiting on her arrival, perhaps hinting that Tess’s appealing appearance and character at first to a stronger, however this hypothesis contrasts to earlier in the book when Tess is described as ‘queer’. There is another quote that supports the importance of nature, ‘far away behind the first hills the cliff-like dwelling of Shaston broke the line of the ridge’ Here Hardy develops interestingly the split in society between the classes, he uses ‘cliff-like dwelling’ to describe the D’urberville’s highness in society, where as Tess is described to be ‘broke the line of the ridge’ portraying her breaking the line that society places firmly between the lower and upper class. ‘They were just beginning to descend†¦ Down, down, they sped, the wheels humming a top, the dog-cart rocking right and left, its axis acquiring a slightly oblique set’ Hardy informs us on several details throughout this short passage, ‘they sped’, portrays how fast Alec was moving within there relationship, showing nature been used to foreshadowing the future, and also maybe spiraling out of control. ‘the dog-cart rocking right and left’ this is presenting the sexual aspect to the novel and foreshadowing how there relationship will end, leading to the rape/seduction. This quote finally ends with ‘slightly oblique set’ this concludes nature showing the danger/caution towards Tantridge itself, and nature enhances this. In conclusion, Hardy successful uses nature to portray the underlying details of the novel, informing us on both the aspects of Tess’s character and mind set that has not yet appeared, as well as the society at the time, giving the reader a deeper view. However, all of the parts that nature shows, builds a conclusion that nature is very important in general, and especially within this novel as it explains a great deal of detail to the reader.

Types Of Forward Error Correction

Types Of Forward Error Correction Error correcting codes are important in protecting transmitted data. In this paper we introduce the forward error correction (FECs) about the background of it INTRODUCTION, how they works, explain the principles of forward error correcting codes (FECs) Principles of FECs. And we also introduce the different types of FECs and how they work in internet and wireless communications TYPES of FECs. Index Terms-forward error correction (FECs), Error Correction Code, internet, wireless. INTRODUCTION Forward Error Correction code is a data code which is used in error control for data transmission. In FEC which using FECs, the receiver not only can catch transmission error, but also determine where the error happened by binary symbol and correct it. Different from ARQ, FEC is applied to the relatively costly retransmissions. Whats more, in order to recover corrupted data, FEC information is usually added to mass storage devices. The advantage of forward error correction is that retransmission of data can often be avoided. Digital communication systems also use FEC to minimum SNR. When the channel errors tend to occur in bursts, FEC coded data can reduce the all or nothing properties of transmitted FEC codes. [1] But this advantage is based on the cost of higher bandwidth requirements on average, which means that FEC is applied in situations where retransmissions are relatively expensive or impossible. 2 PRINCIPLES of FECs Forward error correction code (FECs) is a data codes which is used in FEC system for data transmission. Because of the FECs, the sender adds to its messages by using a predetermined algorithm, the receiver can detect and correct errors without asking the sender for additional data. Not all the errors can be corrected by the same design of the code, thus, various conditions need different FEC codes to match. Furthermore, many FEC algorithms can take analog data in, and put digital data out. There are two basic ways to code, linear block code and cycle code. But they share the similar principle. When we send k bits date and use linear block codes to correct it, the transmission system will reconstruct n bits code word by multiplied n*k generator matrix such that we can tolerate k-n losses. And when then receiver get the n bits code word, and multiplied the n bits code by HT matrix n*(n-k) matrix composed by the unit matrix and arbitrary matrix. It will control the error and rectify the error by using the result of the last multiplied. Final, the decoder will reconstruct the date like the picture. To check large data we need lots of work. And consider about the strength and accuracy, the linear block codes are not easy to implement in hardware. The cycle codes are easier to implement than linear block code by using shift registers. The sender multiplies the data by order of generator polynomial P(x) to create code word. And in receiver, it divides receive code by P(x) to get the syndrome and find where the error is. Then the decoder will reconstruct the date. 3 TYPES of FECs Block codes and Convolution codes The two main types of FECs are block codes and convolution codes. In this section, we will talk about the different bound of each of them and compare those advantages and disadvantage. Block codes work on fixed length blocks of bits or symbols of predetermined size. It encode the data by multiple a complex matrix and in receiver, the decoder will reconstruct the data and correct the errors. There are many types of block codes such as BCH codes and Hamming codes. Convolution codes work on bit or symbol streams, which have arbitrary length. In general, they are decoded with the Viterbi algorithm. While increasing constraint length of the convolution code, it allows asymptotically optimal decoding efficiency, its still at the expense of exponentially increasing complexity. [2] It encodes k bits information into n bits symbols. Because k and n is small, it is easy to transmission. Different from Block code, the n bits code work not only depend on the k bits date, but also depend on the forward symbols. Convolution codes are used in numerous applications such as digital video, radio, mobile communication, and satellite communication. It is high speed and efficient. In another word, we can choose which types FECs can be used in our system by we need. But Reed-Solomon coding (RS) is the most widely used because it strange ability in error control. Now we introduce some types of FECs. CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check is the most important of linear group codes and the most commonly used error checking code. Its information field and check the length of the field can be arbitrarily selected. A CRC is formed by date and check code. The senders code the source data and send the check code behind the data. And the receivers yet code the data via the same way and compare the check code with the result. The advantage of CRC is that it is easy to use in computer and digital components because it is formed by binary code. But the codes length is large and it takes more unwanted time and channels. An example of using CRC code is the FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Array). During device operation, it can make continual verification of the CRAM contents feasible by using hard CRC checker. The CRC is guaranteed to detect multi-bit errors. Integrating CRC circuitry on-chip in hard gates has many benefits, for example, the circuitry is capable of performing without failure under a wide range of conditions and not susceptible to soft errors. Furthermore, the CRC circuit is a self-contained block and is enabled simply. [3] BCH code and R-S code: BCH code can check and correct multiple random errors in model multi-level, cycle, error correction, variable-length digital code. It is a non-binary codes. Reed-Solomon is encompassed from BCH. It is made up of n symbols, and each of the symbols is m bits long. [4] After coding, it adds t check symbols to the data, and the decoder can use an R-S code to detect any errors of up to t symbols, and correct up to t/2 errors. It is more complex then simple of CRC and has strong error correction ability. It is widely used in mass data storage system such as DVD, e-Reader and some game systems to correct the burst errors. And the R-S code also can be use to overcome the unreliable condition of data transmissions. An application of R-S codes was to correct the data sent back by Voyager. It is significant that R-S code is used in satellite transmission. Because R-S code gains much bandwidth need to net transition, so we cant use it in internet. Turbo Code: Turbo codes come from serial concatenated codes which based on an outer Reed-Solomon error correction code. Turbo Codes are well- performance FECs, which is the first practical code to closely approach the channel capacity. They combine a variety of ways of encoding and decoding. The encoders reconstruct the data into three parts -one m bits data and two n/2 bits code. And in receiver, two interconnected decoders are used to avoid error bursts. There are two different type of Turbo Code Turbo Convolution Code (TCC) and Block Turbo Code (BTC) [5]. One is base on Convolution code and the other is Block code. The Turbo Convolution Code has greater correction ability than BTC and is widely used in wireless communication while Block Turbo Code shows better performance at high code rate and suits for optical communication systems. 4. FECs in WIRELESS and INTERNET FECs in wireless High-speed multimedia data transmission is vulnerable to burst errors primarily due to the structure. The quality of service (QoS) of a wireless network is largely dependent on the link stability and availability and the error probability. FECs minimize the effects of multipart fading to enhance the QoS by adding check code in the transmitted data. And in all kinks of FECs, the R-S code has the most strong error correction ability. And R-S codes are effective in minimizing the irrecoverable system problems which are aroused by burst errors in high speed data traffic and reducing the bit error rate [6]. As a result, the wireless link is higher availability and E/N is dropped. So both in industry wireless net and wireless transmission, it is in widespread. And now in BWA, an R-S (204,188) has been put forward. It can diffuse a number of errors in one point to some small error. And the error will been corrected in decoder. FECs in internet FECs is applied in internet is a new development research problem in recently decennium. In internet, FECs adapt to complete more address transmission. First, people think about the R-S code because it reliability. And R-S code is easy to be decoded. But R-S code needs a complex math operation. In long data transmission, it will take too long time and it may tribute network traffic jam by using R-S code. So R-S code just using in short length date transmission. And now most use the Tornado code in internet. Tornado code is a Low-density parity codes and constructed in a kind of non-formula picture. Spielman provide the Expander code in 1995 on the base of Low-density parity codes.[7] And in 1998, Byers J W, and Luby M put out the Tornado code on the base of it.[8] Tornado code can be coded in a linearity time. And it has a quickly spread speed than R-S code. This is the structure of Tornado code. By using FECs, the speed of transmission in internet will be decreased with less retransmission. And FECs also can avoid the blocking and ensuring internet reliability when we transmit data in internet. Comparing the application of FECs between in internet and wireless, we can get the conclusion. The wireless need higher QoS and can provide more bandwidth to transmit data. So we use R-S code or Turbo Convolution Code to enhance the availability of links to get high QoS. While in internet, R-S code will take more time in encoding and decoding and in internet retransmit isnt cost a lot so we use Tornado instead or just use ARQ only. 5. CONCLUSION and REFLECTION As FEC uses excess information to locate the errors and correct them without further communication with the sender, it is generally effective when there is a high degree of corre- lation in the error. We can see that there are many advantages of FEC: it sometimes has no feedback channel necessary; it has long delay path; it is one-way transmission; it is useful for multi- cast, etc. Despite of these, FEC also meets some problems: it needs high bandwidth, thus it is computationally expensive; it requires over-transmission, etc. Therefore, FEC is not extensively used at the packet level. So in the next step, we need build new protocol and update our modern FECs to get higher QoS and speed of encoding and decoding such as Tornado code and RS (204, 188). And we also need to update our FEC to seek new way to construct FECs. 6. EVALUATION After this assignment, we take a further step in learning FECs. We become much more clearly about the different types of FECs, including their strengths and weaknesses and how they work. At first, we just surfed on the internet and collected any useful information about FECs we could find. Nevertheless, we found that the resources were limited and decentralized. In order to explain the fundamental of FECs clearly, we borrowed some books from library and then solved the problems we met. Although the process of doing research and selecting useful information is plain and boring, we benefit a lot from it. We not only learn about the knowledge, but also got some researching experience.

The Low Cost Housing Pandemic Construction Essay

The Low Cost Housing Pandemic Construction Essay This research report has been compiled for the purpose of providing an efficient and effective solution to the glaring housing pandemic currently prevalent in South Africa. The South African government has to some extent, through the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), realised their obligation as mentioned above; however, the desired results have not yet been achieved. It has been a daunting task for the government to provide housing to the large population of indigenous people, so young into a democracy. The aim of this research is essentially, to provide a solution to the perplexing problem of providing adequate housing as it is a fundamental human right, and it must be noted that the lack of success over the years in providing the said housing has caused an insurmountable amount of distress to affected communities and has put an enormous amount of pressure on the South African Government in terms of their obligations toward service delivery. Consequently, this compilation presents undoubted findings which imply that the government is being pressurized by the housing backlog within the KwaZulu- Natal Region, more especially on the area known as the Kennedy Road informal settlement which is part of the Suburb of Clare Estate and also includes the Umlazi B10 Housing Project and in turn they require suggestions on a more concrete approach to sustainably meet the demands placed upon them by the ever growing populous. One such suggestion that must be viewed with a keen eye is the relatively new and exciting initiative introduced by Moladi, which has already been used in countries such as India, Mexico and Nigeria with tremendous success. South Africa has been plagued by an almost unsolvable housing crisis. It must be noted that the specific goal of this research is to assist in exploring new alternatives to the conventional building methods employed by the Reconstruction and Development Programme, which will subsequently be proven, has fallen apart. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background-History of research According to Sayed Ally (2009:3), despite the fact that South Africa is 18 years into the great democracy of 1994, a large percentage of the indigenous population in this country have been subjected to deplorable and in actual fact, completely inexcusable living conditions. Sayed Ally (2009:3) further highlights that promises of improved housing conditions, better education and lower unemployment levels have not materialized to date, however, we cannot say that the struggle has been in vain as South Africa has progressed from being labelled as an apartheid state, to becoming one of the most developed countries on the African continent. Part of the stepping stones to this achievement have been through strategies based on the improvement of education facilities, black empowerment policies to level the plain fields of the previously disadvantaged, and housing initiatives such as the Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP). However, as mentioned by Sayed Ally (2009:4), we have not tasted the fruits of success, as implementation of some of these policies has failed to lift off the ground. This is blatantly evident as the presence of slums or shacks as it is referred to colloquially, have become the popular means of shelter for those underprivileged individuals who had trusted in the promises made by their ideal government. Although there have been attempts made by the government to replace the informal settlements with low cost housing, this process has been slow indeed. According to Majavu (2011:2) the department of performance monitoring and evaluation in the Presidency has warned parliament s human settlements portfolio committee that the Human Settlements Department is making slow progress on 2014 targets. The primary concern to the government should be to solve the housing problem by providing suitable shelter to all citizens in need of it. This is because people with homes to go to, have a sense of belonging. (Wikipedia, 2012) A roof over the head of an individual grants him the opportunity of maintaining his/ her human dignity! It is a fundamental right of any human being to have a house, and duly stated in Section 26 of the South African Bill of Rights. Sayed Ally (2009:4). If successful, the alternative provided by this research will provide assistance in resolving the ongoing housing problem in Kwazulu-Natal through the initiative discussed below, and hopes to provide not only shelter, but also employment as well as ease the burden of the government in providing adequate service delivery, thus making South Africa a better place for all those who live in it. 1.2 Problem Statement The problem to be investigated may be stated as:- Moladi (the concept of shell housing), an alternative to South Africa s conventional construction methods, once incorporated into the Governments low cost housing policy, may assist in overcoming the failures prevalent in providing low cost housing which are associated with the conventional construction methods, thereby providing permanent shelter to displaced South Africans. 1.3 Objectives The objectives of this study are: i. Comparing and identifying the traditional building methods in the construction of low cost housing, design-and-build and the provision of an excellent end product. ii. Identifying factors such as: innovative designs, workmanship, selection of inappropriate material, approval of defective products and the quality of staff. iii. To identify and propose appropriate alternative solutions to challenges regarding the lack of sufficient funds, the shortage of skilled labourers, a lack of resources, work flow control, time constraints and wastage. 1.4 Significance of this research study The above averments have one goal and that is to assist in the process of repairing the problems created by poorly constructed conventional method houses in the affected areas of Kwa-Zulu Natal. Sayed Ally (2009:13) points out that over the past 15 years, many companies were contracted to build low cost houses for the previously disadvantaged, however, till today we find homeless people living on the side of the road, or if they are lucky, to live in an informal settlement. The numerous cases of poorly constructed houses, corrupt contractors, and misuse of government funding has done little to help the man on the street. The government has even gone to the extent of hiring foreign companies such as Golden Nets International to complete the job, but even they produced inefficient homes which subsequently collapsed in bad weather. The research that follows herein below examines the impact that shoddy building techniques has had upon low-cost housing in South Africa, more so in Kwa-Zulu Natal. This would be done through the examination of factors such as design and workmanship. In addition, the anticipated outcome of this research is to see a change in the quality of low-cost housing projects as well as an improved product for house occupants. 1.5 Design According to Wentzel L (2010:3), most of the blame for inadequate building performance and low quality work is placed on the designer. This however puts a lot of pressure on the designer, pressure such as a lack of awareness of the building processes; or for failing to understand the latest technology and the performance of innovative materials; or the reluctance to delegate authority to project-based supervisors; or simply for not spending more time on these building sites. However, Barrie and Paulson (1984) mention that designers generally recognize that no human undertaken task produces absolutely perfect results. Therefore designers often specify not only the desired standard for the characteristics that define a product, such as dimensions or strength, but tolerance or ranges for acceptable variations from the standard. These standards therefore need to be maintained and quality of conformance monitored by the construction manager, who will also be held liable if quality standar ds drop. Wentzel L (2010:3). A proudly South African initiative otherwise known as Moladi, takes construction to an entirely new dimension. The speed and minimal costs involved, allow for the development of building a house a day Moladi.net (2012). The multi award winning Moladi construction system was founded in South Africa in 1986 as a method of building cast in place reinforced monolithic structures Moladi.net (2012). The Moladi technology was developed as a means to alleviate many of the cumbersome and costly aspects associated with conventional construction methods without compromising on the quality or integrity of the structure Moladi.net (2012). Managing director Mr Hennie Botes states that the Moladi system involves the use of a removable, reusable, recyclable and lightweight plastic formwork mould to produce a durable and permanent structure, which has been subject to numerous tests and independent reports. As the system is not pre-fabricated off the building site or dependant on skilled labour, the use of the Moladi system allows for local, unskilled labour to be employed, he stated Moladi.net (2012). Women, who have traditionally been either reluctant or discouraged from working within the male-dominated sector, are encouraged to participate in the non-labour intensive building process, Mr Botes added Moladi.net (2012). He explained further that the process involves assembling a mould the size of the designed house, with all the electrical services, plumbing and steel reinforcing located within the wall structure, which is filled with a South African Bureau of Standards approved lightweight mortar to form all the walls of the house simultaneously Moladi.net (2012). The method, he noted, eliminates the time and labour intensive work of chasing, beam filling, plastering and generates no waste. 1.6 Workmanship According to Wentzel L (2010:3), when human error occurs at the setting-out stage of the construction process (which is the first physical activity in the chain of activities), the result might be very costly and the ripple effect down the chain of activities maybe disastrous in terms of time constraints. Swain and Guttmann (1983), found four types of errors in the construction industry. They are: time, qualitative, sequence and quantitative errors, which can take place. Time errors occur when a task must be performed within a specific time. Qualitative errors are such errors which include right action on wrong object, wrong action on right object, wrong action on wrong object, information not obtained/ transmitted or substitution/ intrusion error. Sequence errors however occur when an activity is done or performed out of sequence. Quantitative errors are errors which are made in rates, prices, and mathematical errors. Wentzel L (2010:3) Wentzel L (2010:4) stated further that, when focusing on the issues such as the housing backlog, design faults, lack of skilled shortages and client manipulation, it is made clear that all these factors influence low-cost housing in South Africa currently. As mentioned above the Moladi Shell Housing concept, has been designed and manufactured to address the six key challenges that determine the successful implementation of low cost housing projects in developing countries. These challenges would be the lack of sufficient funds, the shortage of skilled labourers, a lack of resources, work flow control, time constraints and wastage Moladi.net (2012). Chasing, beam filling, plastering and wastage are eliminated, producing a fast track, cost effective, transferable construction technology Moladi.net (2012). (Moladi.net 2012:3) (Moladi.net 2012:3) (Moladi.net 2012:3) (Moladi.net 2012:3) 1.7 Limitations i. The research is conducted specifically on the construction processes of low cost housing units. ii. Research is angled at mass housing initiatives providing an alternative to the normal building techniques (using brick and block). iii. The research area is confined to the Kwa Zulu Natal (Clarestate and Umlazi) region. iv. The research was completed in a time frame of six months. Some of the limitations regarding Moladi are: v. Moladi systems cannot be used or are undesirable for use in boundary walls. They are primarily used for housing. vi. Moladi systems cannot be used to build cavity walls. However, it provides good thermal and water proofing properties. vii. Moladi systems cannot be used to do extensions to homes. Moulds for once of applications would not be cost effective. 1.8 Conclusion In conclusion, alternate building techniques form an integral component to the building industry; however, it is inflated significantly when examining low-cost housing. By analyzing objectives stated in this chapter, we can consequently draw conclusions about the building techniques that are currently used in the construction of low-cost housing in South Africa, in comparison to newer innovations and techniques that may better address the issue. Chapter 2 Literature review 2.1 Introduction Objectives were presented in the preceding chapter in order for the identification of possible problems that are related to workmanship qualities and poor design methods in the construction process in terms of the provision for low cost housing. Quality standards were also raised alongside time and cost factors, which affected design as well as workmanship at the same time. In order to place these submissions in proper perspective, this chapter will review the relevant literature that is currently available, particularly on shoddy building techniques and its impact on the low-cost housing sector. 2.2 Building techniques Building may refer to, any human-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy, or an act of construction (i. e. the activity of building. (Wikipedia, 2012). Building Techniques refer to different methods adopted in construction processes and phases which provide alternate options to conventional or traditional building methods. It also plays a substantial role in the low-cost housing sector because of the high demand for mass housing that has to be constructed over short contract periods. Low income housing refers to residences for persons or families with low annual household earnings. Its purpose is to provide places for people to live within their range of affordability. Quality is being severely compromised as more focus is being placed on quantity. 2.3 Poor construction techniques and the R.D.P According to Mbonambi (2012:4), an article that appeared in the Mercury Newspaper, soil and mud tumbled down into the back walls of people s homes and water seeped through the walls and floors, this is what residents of Umlazi have experienced in their new RDP homes since moving in early in 2011. The article states further that some residents were afraid that their houses, in the Umlazi B10 housing project, would collapse and they would be injured or even killed. Some of the problems that contribute to the impending failure of the RDP programme are the use of inefficient labourers. In 2005, the Minister of Finance Trevor Manuel was taken on a tour to observe the good progress of RDP houses in Port Elizabeth, he was shocked when he saw that the millions of rands being spent by government were producing incomplete walls and door frames that were not according to size. (Sayed Ally: 2009:5) (Sayed Ally:2009:5) mentions further that this is one of many examples of the lack in competence of the labourers tasked with the responsibility of ensuring quality but efficient housing skills in the RDP programme. In contrast, the Moladi housing initiative does not require skilled labourers to build houses, in fact, it is mostly unskilled workers that are utilised, and more predominantly females are encouraged to be involved because of the simplicity and repetitive nature of the process Natasha Odendaal (2012:3) reported in the Engineering Newss print magazine that Human Settlements Minister Tokyo Sexwale stated that the rectification of substandard construction work on many of the low-cost housing projects throughout South Africa has left the State with a bill of about R50-billion. As a result of this, he again posed the question of whether it was time to establish a State-owned construction company to undertake the many housing projects in the country engineeringnews.co.za (2012). Having considered the above it can be deduced that, current building techniques are failing dismally. The minister was exasperated when he stated that inexperienced, less-than-credible shovel, wheelbarrow and bakkie brigade construction groups involved in the tenders for governments housing programmes were delivering shoddy workmanship and many of their constructions were falling apart. Black economic-empowerment was not a licence to deliver substandard or poor-quality work, he said engineeringnews.co.za (2012) Odendaal (2012:3). Sayed Ally (2009:5) avers that in addition to the higher costs and incompetent nature associated with RDP housing, the programme has been riddled with numerous counts of corruption on the part of project managers and other stakeholders involved. The development in the Mpumalanga region has reported that as many as 8000 houses were left incomplete after project managers filled their pockets and quietly exited the scene (SamaYenda, 2005). It is due to these factors that public perception has embraced a negative attitude to the process of low cost housing. As a mandatory requirement, the institution of a project of this magnitude would require efficient labourers, who have been trained on the job to produce the most efficient results. According to Tabane (2002:1), Gauteng pays 41 million rand for 8 RDP houses, the city of Gauteng paid 41 million rand (forty one million Rand) for 8 RDP houses this means that the eight RDP houses cost the Gauteng housing department a whopping R5-million each. It is just one of the startling findings uncovered by an investigation team appointed by Housing MEC Paul Mashatile. It is evident that various electronic as well as print media associations are publishing their discoveries regarding the ineffectiveness of the RDP, but still, it seems that rampant corruption and inefficiency on the path of government is ever present and in fact stalling the rate of success needed for the completion of the incumbent housing projects. Streek (2001;5) confirms that 7.5-million people are still without shelter, and between two and three million houses still had to be built to meet this need. Many of these people are living in informal settlements in urban areas, where 53.6% of the population live, whereas others share accommodation. The pace of housing delivery annually has declined from 300 000 in 1997 to about 200 000 the following year richardknight.homestead.com (2012) Streek (2001;5) states that the housing shortage is still desperate, he further states that, Minister of Housing Sankie Mthembi-Mahanyele says, we will be slowing down further we have to look at the quality issue and at tenure alternatives richardknight.homestead.com (2012). 2.4 Traditional and Alternate Building Techniques South Africa is a third world country that is in its crawling stages of development. Emphasis has been placed on the drastic changes that need to occur in order for South Africa to move forward. The government has not been able to provide any suggestions to enhance the condition of housing thereby elevating the plight of those poor South Africans who have no roofs over their heads. 2.4.1 Traditional Building Techniques Traditional bricks or blocks are moulded in a small mould and then laboriously stacked by an artisan and sandwiched with mortar to form a wall structure. The electrical and water pipes are positioned by grinding and chasing into the brick wall. The wall is then plastered to cover the pipes and services, as well as the brickwork, to create a level and smooth surface Moladi.net (2012). 2.4.2 Alternate Building Techniques Supplemented by evidence that appears throughout this dissertation, Moladi comes forth as the most suitable alternative to repair the in-competencies of traditional building techniques currently used for low-cost housing. Moladi follows an optimised and sequential process. This allows for the number of unskilled labourers, which are utilised effectively, to be predetermined according to the size of the house, area of formwork for the intended unit and volume of the mortar Moladi.net (2012). The speed of the construction is also taken into consideration to calculate the number of unskilled labourers on site, with larger units having additional unskilled labour to optimise construction time Moladi.net (2012). Table 2.4.2.1 as shown below outlines the model of operation of the two day building process in a summarised step by step format adopted by Moladi Moladi.net(2012). Table 2.4.2.1 OUTLINE OF THE MODEL OPERATION DAY ONE- START 11HOO FINISH 17H00 DAY TWO- START 07H00 FINISH 17H00 STEP 1: Moladi Formwork is delivered to site. Area= 74m Mass= 550kg Volume= 3m? Moladi Formwork panels are assembled by unskilled labourers to form the mould panels of the desired house plan. STEP 1: Moladi formwork panels are removed Moladi formwork panels are completely removed in 2 hours with 4 unskilled labourers STEP 2: Internal Formwork panels are erected Window frames and block-outs are positioned within the wall cavity Reinforcing bars are positioned within the cavity to engineer specifications STEP 2: Immediately after the formwork panels are removed, the walls are painted with a water based paint Oil or acrylic based paint can be applied after the walls can be cured or within 28 days. STEP 3: Door frames and black-outs are positioned within the wall cavity External formwork panels are erected to close off the wall cavity Erection is completed in 4 hours with 4 unskilled labourers STEP 3: The engineer certified roof is installed The windows and doors are installed Final finishing s such as sanitary ware and lighting are completed The structure is now ready for occupation STEP 4: The wall cavity is filled with Moladi aerated mortar by unskilled labourers The pour is completed in 2 hours with 4 unskilled labourers Moladi.net(2012) To evaluate the viability of Moladi s housing techniques against conventional building techniques, some of the salient features are listed below: I. Moladi provides cheaper housing in a faster time period than any other form of housing. II. Efficiency of production is maximized as each foreman will be educated to minimize costs by Moladi project managers themselves and thus transferring their skills. III. Reusable nature of Moladi framework system makes it ideal in reducing costs as well as meeting environmental standards. IV. The process is not dependant on skilled labour. V. Experience, expertise and track record of our contractors will come into valuable use as a large operation of this magnitude will require diversification of skills. VI. A fast, simple, adaptable and a low construction cost technological building system. VII. Highly suited for use in mass housing markets, without compromising quality. VIII. Utilizes indigenous materials to produce high standard permanent structures that are earthquake, cyclone and tsunami resistant Moladi.net (2012). 2.5 Conclusion The creation of Moladi houses are very simple and differs from the normal lengthy building process commonly associated with construction. Once the foundation has been laid, a lightweight plastic shutter framework system (Moladi) is erected and mortar is used to cast the house resulting in a one piece reinforced walling system. (Moladi.com 2012:3) In a matter of 10 days, a Moladi house can be completed. Such an inference may ease government s pressure and allow them to focus on other avenues that need their attention such as poverty, health care and education. Chapter 3 Research methodology 3.1 Introduction Chapter 2 presented an overview of existing literature. It was determined that there are various factors leading to problems concerning poor building techniques in housing construction more so, affecting the low-cost housing sector. These factors however, do not only reflect pessimism but in actual fact they bring about a sense of prosperity for the simple reason that South Africa itself, is undergoing substantial development and growth which takes time and will invariably lead to an upliftment of the lives of those who are inadequately accommodated. In order to test the quality of Building Techniques two research methodological approaches were employed namely Qualitative and Quantitative methods which will be presented and analyzed to substantiate the validity of this research. 3.2 Qualitative Research Methodology Qualitative research is a type of scientific research. In general terms, scientific research consists of an investigation that: I. Seeks answers to a question. II. Systematically uses a predefined set of procedures to answer the question. III. Collects evidence. IV. Produces findings that were not determined in advance. V. Produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study. Qualitative research shares these characteristics. Additionally, it seeks to understand a given research problem or topic from the perspectives of the local population it involves. Qualitative research is especially effective in obtaining culturally specific information about the values, opinions, behaviours, and social contexts of particular populations. (Qualitative research methods: A data Collector s field Guide 2012:1). 3.2.1 What are some qualitative research methods? The three most common qualitative methods, explained in detail in their respective modules, are participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus groups. Each method is particularly suited for obtaining a specific type of data. I. Participant observation is appropriate for collecting data on naturally occurring behaviours in their usual contexts. II. In-depth interviews are optimal for collecting data on individuals personal histories, perspectives, and experiences, particularly when sensitive topics are being explored. III. Focus groups are effective in eliciting data on the cultural norms of a group and in generating broad overviews of issues of concern to the cultural groups or subgroups represented. (Qualitative research methods: A data Collector s field Guide 2012:2) The qualitative method as used in this research incorporates both questionnaires delivered by hand in association with standardised open ended interviews that were conducted. In order to gather theoretical and honest responses from the respondents emphasis is given to the method above. 3.3 Quantitative Research Methodology Quantitative research is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world. (Burns Grove 2005:23) This research method is used: I. To describe variables; II. To examine relationships among variables; III. To determine cause-and-effect interactions between variables. (Burns Grove 2005:23) Quantitative research is generally made using scientific methods, which can include: I. The generation of models, theories and hypotheses. II. The development of instruments and methods for measurement. III. Experimental control and manipulation of variables. IV. Collection of empirical data. V. Modelling and analysis of data. Wikipedia.org (2012) This method has also been incorporated into this research. Quantitative research is utilized in order to achieve appropriate statistical outcomes, which would assist in ascertaining supplementary theoretical recommendations and subsequent conclusions. 3.4 Questionnaires A questionnaire is a series of questions asked to individuals to obtain statistically useful information about a given topic. When properly constructed and responsibly administered, questionnaires become a vital instrument by which statements can be made about specific groups or people or entire populations. Wikipedia.org (2012) Questionnaires are frequently used in quantitative marketing research and social research. They are a valuable method of collecting a wide range of information from a large number of individuals, often referred to as respondents. Wikipedia.org (2012) Adequate questionnaire construction is critical to the success of a survey. Inappropriate questions, incorrect ordering of questions, incorrect scaling, or bad questionnaire format can make the survey valueless, as it may not accurately reflect the views and opinions of the participants. Wikipedia.org (2012) According to Wentzel L (2010:31) the data which is collected by questionnaires may be qualitative or quantitative. Wentzel L (2010: 31) further mentions that questionnaires do however lend themselves more to quantitative forms of analysis. This is partly because they are designed to collect mainly very discrete items or packages of information, with either numbers or words which can be coded and represented as numbers. Wentzel L (2010:31) in addition mentions that this emphasis is also partly due to the larger scale of many questionnaire surveys, and their common focus is on representation, which encourages a numerical or quasi-numerical summary of results. 3.4.1 Types of Questionnaires a. Contingency questions A question that is answered only if the respondent gives a particular response to a previous question. This avoids asking questions of people that do not apply to them (for example, asking men if they have ever been pregnant) Wikipedia.org (2012). b. Matrix questions Identical response categories are assigned to multiple questions. The questions are placed one under the other, forming a matrix with response categories along the top and a list of questions down the side. This is an efficient use of page space and respondents time Wikipedia.org (2012). c. Closed ended questions Respondents answers are limited to a fixed set of responses. Most scales are closed ended. Other types of closed ended questions include: I. Yes/no questions The respondent answers with a yes or a no. II. Multiple choice The respondent has several option from which to choose. III. Scaled questions Responses are graded on a continuum (example: rate the appearance of the product on a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 being the most preferred appearance). Examples of types of scales include the Likert scale, semantic differential scale, and rank-order scale (See scale for a complete list of scaling techniques Wikipedia.org (2012). d. Open ended questions No options or predefined categories

The Freedom Of Speech -- essays research papers

The founders of the United States government tried to protect our liberty by assuring a free press, to gather and publish information without being under control or power of another, in the First Amendment to the Constitution. We are not very protected by this guarantee, so we concern ourselves on account of special interest groups that are fighting to change the freedom of expression, the right to freely represent individual thoughts, feeling and views, in order to protect their families as well as others. These groups, religious or otherwise, believe that publishing unorthodox material is an abuse of free expression under the First Amendment. As we know, the Supreme Court plays an important role in the subject of free speech and expression, and we need to understand that the court system is the center of the interpretation of our First Amendment rights. There are various reasons given for censorship; a classroom or library may restrict or ban a book or other learning resource because it includes social, political, or religious views believed to be inappropriate or threatening. A movie or TV program may be considered violent, or indecent because of nudity or inappropriate behavior. Also, a song or speech could contain language thought to be vulgar, or ideas and values that some consider objectionable. Although these examples are good reasons for censorship, initiating these steps would unveil a censorship disaster. Looking at all levels of American citizens, some of the peo...

Pigments Essay examples -- History, Prehistoric Painters

Pigments From prehistoric times, humans had discovered that pigments could be used to colour a surface and they have left their mark on their environment in the form of painted images [7]. Prehistoric painters used the pigments available in the vicinity of their homes. These pigments were the so-called earth pigments, soot from burning animal fat and charcoal from the fire. The colours available were yellow ochre, red ochre, and black [7], but with time, more colours were being discovered. In general, pigments are coloured material which is insoluble in a medium where they are incorporated [8]. Pigments will tend to absorb certain wavelength of light and reflect the others [9]. Wavelength reflected will represent the colour of the pigment. Dyes are coloured material which will dissolve in the medium and lose their crystal or particulate structure during the process [9]. Pigments can be classified into synthetic pigments and natural pigments [8]. The examples of natural pigments founded in animals and vegetables are carotenoids, chlorophyll, melanins, flavins, quinones, and anthocyanins [5, 6, 10]. In the industry, pigments are widely used as colouring agents in dyeing of cottons, silks and wool sample [11]. 2.1.1 Synthetic Pigments The first chemically synthesised pigments were made in Germany in 1704 by Diesbach who manufactured red lake pigments using potash and alkali as substrate [7]. Synthetic pigments can be divided into inorganic and organic pigments. Synthetic inorganic pigments usually composed by metal oxide or compound which from by the host of metal oxides. Moreover, the inorganic pigments possess thermal and chemical stabilities at high temperature. Most of the inorganic pigments are derived from toxic meta... ...-degradable. The increase of the packaging wastes caused serious global environmental problem [36]. Therefore, the development of biodegradable packaging materials from renewable natural resources has received widespread government support in EU countries and many national or international organisations [35]. The term ‘‘biodegradable’’ materials is used to describe those materials which can be degraded by the enzymatic action of living organisms, such as bacteria, yeasts, fungi and the ultimate end-products of the degradation process [37]. Biodegradable packaging materials may be broadly classified into biodegradable polymers and biopolymers based on whether the dominating ingredient is synthetic oil-based polymer or a biologically derived polymer. Biopolymers are naturally occurring long-chain molecules such as cellulose, polysaccharides, proteins and DNA [35].

Discursive on Boxing Essay

Boxing is a sport that is adored by millions of people all over the world , it is a contact sport in which the fighting style is called MMA (mixed martial arts), Boxing includes two participants called fighters who battle it out in a series of rounds (12)until the opponent has been knocked out and can’t stand straight for 10 seconds , if the fight is stalemated then the fight goes to three judges in which the match is settled within a points system which the judges take part in , there has been numerous debates over the existence of boxing however the fight is just as tense outside the ring with the supporters in the battle against those who want it to be banned. One reason to ban boxing is the fact that it is thought to have long term health effects to the boxer, diseases such as alzhezmers disease and Parkinson’s disease is common to a boxer as it is caused by numerous blows to the head which occurs constantly in boxing , one prime example of this is a boxer called su gar Ray Robinson as he was the argued as the man who changed boxing but sadly he passed away he died due to azhlmiers disease in 1989 April 12 , this was associated with his boxing career this shows that boxing may lead to a very uncomfortable after career. Addiontaly , critics argue that boxing should be banned as it is an inhumane sport. As the boxers aim is to intentionally hurt their opponent it shows it as a vicious sport but it is seen normal to the public eye for example , if you were to go attack someone in the street you would have criminal charges filed against you but just because they are doing it in a boxing ring it is fine , the public are paying loads of money for the big name fights in boxing to see a man or women punch each other senseless for 2 minutes before someone gets knocked out which is a waste of money , one example of an inhumane incident which happened in the boxing ring was boxer mike Tyson intentionally ripped his opponents ear off with his own teeth , this shows how much of a inhumane effect it has on the public For critics there is an argument that there is a lack of safety towards the blows that are dealt to the head in boxing as no-one can predict what’s going to happen apart from the boxers , a boxer could deal a punch that could kill someone. However as boxing does have its Cons it also does have its Pros in which it shouldn’t be banned , as the boxers give there own consent which state that they are aware of the price they need to pay for being a boxer however the rewards they receive outweighs the price in a boxers mind as it provides a life of fame money and fast cars , most boxers don’t come from wealth backgrounds as it takes years to be a boxer it is usually people who love the sport and have dedicated there life to it which may have saved them for doing something else they may not enjoy or criminal activity†¦ â€Å"Boxing gave me the opputinites to grow into the man i am today† Carrying on the argument in which boxing shouldn’t be banned is the fact that it would lead to the black underground of boxing due to its high demand around the world , this would create a whole new amount of problems as it would mean that the mdecial side of boxing would be abolished from boxing and this would lead to a high amount of casualty rates this would also effect the economic side as it would mean that the tax that is generated by boxing would be abolished and shows the arugment in why the government should let it be. Finally the reason for boxing to stay alive is the entertainment and income boxing provides, as boxing is one of the most loved sports of all time and have fans that dedicate there life to the sport who travel round the world for 12 rounds of boxing in which is something they have chosen to watch and have not been forced into watching boxing in any way , if boxing was banned then it would destroy a part of peoples lives , boxing also contributes towards the job front as this includes , venue staff equipment providers etc and allot of people would be left out of a job After considering both sides of the argument, I think it would be a good idea to not ban boxing as I feel that as boxing does have its limitations on the injury factors, the amount of people that dedicate and the impact it has on the world as we know would be too strong to kill.