The Role of the Hippocampus in Learning and Memory essays

The Role of the Hippocampus in Learning and Memory articles The job of the hippocampus in learning and memory has been inspected for a long time. Studies have utilized rodents, monkeys, and different creatures and given them an assortment of sores to the hippocampus and different pieces of the cerebrum. These were trailed by an assortment of tests that included learning and memory. Albeit the vast majority of the tests demonstrated a connection between's physical issue to the hippocampus and tribulation to learning and memory, the degree of the testing and the detail to which is has been contemplated gives an a lot bigger image of the opportunities for human examination. Olton, D.S. rodents. Diary of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 2(2), Olton and Samuelson finished six tests for their investigation of rodents and spatial memory. All investigations utilized a spiral arm labyrinth for testing. The initial three included setting the rodents in the labyrinth to investigate and look for food. An assortment of changes were made in each test to test spatial memory. The aftereffects of these tests demonstrated that one the rodents started to run into the arms of the labyrinth, changes had no impact on the precision of decision. Trial four was worried about the memory component of which arm had been picked already. The creators made changes in the labyrinth, and they contemplated the information from various points. The rodents memory forms while critical thinking was contemplated. Examination five expanded the quantity of decisions, bringing about a decrease in exactness, and trial six tried the succession of changes made in the labyrinth and whether the rodents could rapidly recuperate decision precision. By and large outcomes show that rodents can recollect which arm of the labyrinth they have just picked, yet this is influenced by both the expansion in the quantity of decisions and the timeframe between reiterations of decisions. The rodents regarded each arm as a different space and put away the data in a similar way. ... <!

Your shoes and flight Free Essays

Flight and Your shoes both have numerous likenesses. The two of them manage growing up as the characters switch and develop all through the narratives. In Flight the granddad is obstinate toward the beginning of the story yet as the play goes on, he chooses to surrender and let the granddaughter free. We will compose a custom exposition test on Your shoes and flight or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Your shoes manages growing up also, however the characters change marginally; this is demonstrated when the mother at long last thinks of her government aides to her little girl regardless of indicating such a great amount of affection for her which makes it difficult for her to state her government aides. Flight begins with granddad clutching his preferred pigeon. Granddad allows the pigeon to pigeon however when the pigeon spreads his wings he catches it again and places the pigeon into a little box where it can’t escape â€Å"He intentionally held out his wrist for the fledgling to take off and got it again right now it spread its wings. He might want to bolt his granddaughter up a similar way he bolts up the pigeons to make his granddaughter avoid Steve. He needs to control his granddaughter like he controls the pigeons. This pigeon is an image reflected towards the granddaughter. The granddaughter has an appealing portrayal; this shows the pigeon is contrasted with the granddaughter. The two of them are alluring and he controls them. Your Shoes begins with the mother composing a letter to her anonymous little girl. The mother starts of saying â€Å"I thought I realized you just as I probably am aware this house† this shows the girl was concealing something or her little girl has grown to a limited extent where she has begun to keep mysteries. While in Flight, the granddaughter doesn’t keep mysteries, she could’ve kept insider facts and fled like ‘the little girl in Your shoes’ however she was so full grown and insightful, so se chose to reveal to her folks about he relationship with the postman’s child. She did that since she knew she’s mature enough to settle on her choices and her folks won’t conflict with it The primary similitudes among Flight and Your shoes are contrasting non living things or creatures and individual. In Flight the granddad looks at his granddaughter to pigeons, while in Your Shoes the mother is contrasting her little girl with her daughter’s shoes. Flight manages the connection among Alice and her granddad and Your Shoes manages the connection between the mother and little girl, yet in addition between the mother and the dad; the girl and her dad. Your shoes and Flight use representations to portray their connections, Flight utilizes the illustration of pigeons and Your Shoes utilizes the allegory of shoes to depict the relationship. The two stories talk about affection and forlornness. In Flight the granddad wouldn't like to allow his granddaughter to leave, since he is frightened to be separated from everyone else. ‘Can’t we keep her a piece longer’ this statement shows the solid love which the granddad feels for his granddaughter. In Your Shoes the girl has ventured out from home and the mother is urgent to have her little girl back, on the grounds that she adores her and feels forlorn with out her ‘I knew you’d come back’ this statement demonstrates the yearning of the mother for her little girl. The two stories additionally have the experience of previous existence. In Your Shoes the mother depicts her involvement in her mom indicating how troublesome it was for her to live with, however she despite everything did. This really shows how the age has changed. So also in Flight the mother utilizes her experience to attempt to persuade the granddad that how cheerful she was the point at which she got hitched to her significant other said in the accompanying statement. The topic about opportunity is being asked in the two stories. In Your Shoes the little girl flees on the grounds that the absence of opportunity was given to her, despite the fact that the opportunity was an excessive amount of contrasted with the opportunity her mom was given, however according to her girl and the age she was living in caused her to feel the opportunity was excessively less. The mother attempts to show how little opportunity she had she despite everything adapt to it, appeared in the accompanying statement. This shows the mother is attempting to utilize invert brain research to win her little girl back. Then again Flight has a similar kind of hypothesis. The granddaughter is requesting opportunity in spite of the fact that she has given the opportunity by her mom, however the granddad doesn’t need her to get hitched that’s on the grounds that he doesn’t need to lose her and doesn’t need to lose the minutes he once had with his granddaughter. â€Å"Think your mature enough to get hitched hey† this shows he his having a go at the granddaughter and attempting to persuade her that your not mature enough to get hitched. The two stories manage development and adolescence. Flight manages youthfulness in the manner that the granddad is desirous of granddaughter’s sweetheart since he feels the beau will supplant â€Å"She didn't turn. She had overlooked him. Along the street came the youngster Steven†¦the elderly person hardened as he watched the door swing back and the couple embrace†. This statement shows that the granddad feels upset that the granddaughter appears to have supplanted him with a gatecrasher. The granddad is additionally terrified of him being disregarded when she leaves, which makes him believe that without her he won’t be cheerful. Flight likewise manages development in the manner that the granddaughter is being addressed irately however she answers in a considerate way, ‘and she said in a perky voice’: â€Å"hullo, granddad.† ‘Politely she moved towards him, after a waiting in reverse look at the road.’ The quiet and pleasant way shows how full grown she is. Contrasted with flight Your shoes just shows adolescence of the girl who left due to her dad having a contention with her, since she went to a dance club and returned home exceptionally late and was flushed, which drove the dad extremely crazy, and he called her a filthy whore and other inconsiderate remarks. By her dad calling her a messy whore made her fell uncertain and caught so she chose to leave. In spite of the fact that the principle topic of â€Å"Flight† and â€Å"Your Shoes† are comparative, anyway basically they are unique, in light of the fact that in â€Å"Flight† the granddad didn’t need the acknowledge the decision of the granddaughter yet at long last the two of them went to an answer and the granddad winds up tolerating her decision. While in â€Å"Your Shoes† the mother doesn’t need to proceed onward. She continually won't put the government assistance of her little girl first, since she realizes that she won’t get this letter and won’t return. Consequently the connection between the mother and the little girl isn't restored and doesn’t have the upbeat completion as Flight The most effective method to refer to Your shoes and flight, Papers

Ideology and History Lecture Essays - Politics, Philosophy

Belief system and History Lecture Essays - Politics, Philosophy Belief system and History Lecture Individual flexibility Old style Liberal, missing of . Accept that residents ought to be in charge, a negative freedom. Liberated from consumption. Positive appropriate for residents to have opportunity to turn out to be all that you are able to do. Restricted Government Opportunity is in chance from government, and therefore the legislature ought to be constrained. Breaking point to 3 capacity; Governments ought to give society from a military from attack, give police power (ensure our property inside). Furnish with an arrangement of court Balance of Right All residents ought to be subjects by a similar arrangement of rules similarly, procedural techniques. Liberal governments are about results instead of the methodology, value. Assent of the Governed Governments accept that stake ought to have the option to cast a ballot, on the off chance that you own property. In the event that you don't have property, at that point you are not qualified for the responsibility for. 1642: After this year, Charles the first was executed Divine privileges of rulers. Britain turns into a constitution government 1688: The bank of England is made Plays a job into the modern insurgency John Locke composes his artful culmination to government. Article Topic Customary Society More distant family, the family is the government assistance condition of conventional society. Family with a great deal of security for a little commitments Solid control of its individuals, commitments to the family never closes. Partitioned into us and them Can not be trusted, no commitments to them, just to the more distant family. Upgrade your respect to the family. Must be hitched and have children. Through marriage you should convey the ages, wed up Organized relationships in Traditional society. Attitude is that youngsters can't be trusted On the off chance that you need any sort of advance and so on it is to originated from the family. There is an exacting guideline for work . Particularly with regards to what people can and can't do. Guys consistently get higher status of work . Men are seen as genuinely solid, bold, pleased, fearless , sharp, terrible tempered, difficult Ladies are quiet, peaceful , moral code. Ladies can't be trusted, huge 3 needs for ladies; Humility, help secure a decent family with marriage, and have children. Desire in a customary society isn't permitted, as it spoke to in an inappropriate sense. Life isn't about delight. Present day Society Singular opportunity is spoken to, making no limitations. Gotten a kick out of the chance to accept that we are Conviction that we can defeat anything, and beat anything. There is profound situated dread of being extraordinary. Gigantic accentuation on self freedom . Individual is critical Opportunity is esteemed Instructed not to tune in to seniors, and make up our own personalities. Accept that we should discover our band together with adoration and not masterminded.

LAND GRABBING KEEPS ME AWAKE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LAND GRABBING KEEPS ME AWAKE - Essay Example With worldwide reports affirming the world’s topping oil, among other more serious dangers, for example, persevering yearning incompletely contributed by anthropogenic environmental change, the putative presence of ‘reserve agrarian land’ in the worldwide south, especially in Africa and the Latin America, has been marked the life saver, in this manner the sensational revaluation and the ensuing scurry to get and control enormous wraps of land for agro-mechanical, huge scope asset extraction activities and food security (McMichael, 2012). Floated by the possibility that drawn out landholdings are the main road to mitigate nonstop gracefully of their needs, ‘finance-rich, asset poor’ nations are forcefully financing the acquisitions in government to government bargains that leaves the poor significantly more terrible off than any time in recent memory. While the flood in the transnational business land bargains ringing in gigantic ‘private and non -private’ terrains to the dispossession of the worldwide poor are guided by the neoliberal strategies under the oversight of WTO, the exchange offs appear to be distant a simply request, for the principles just yet favors the elder sibling, along these lines the quickened land snatching, all the more so in Africa where unutilized land is viewed as abundant and work are moderately modest. Notwithstanding the title deeds gave by generally African, Latin American and Asian nations showing possession, land remains the property of the state. As needs be, the state has all the rights to do whatever it wants, including using as a snare to draw in outside speculations (Houtart 2010). Unexpectedly upsetting is the very reality that Africa, a mainland that faces hunger the most, takes the lion’s portion of the questionable land bargains that compounds their nearby food weakness further, for arable grounds rented in enormous scope to outsiders just deliver food and different items for send out purposes. Little scope ranchers up to this point

Using a case example analyse a decision made by a nurse in the Essay

Utilizing a case model break down a choice made by a medical caretaker in the work on setting - Essay Example Dynamic in a nursing calling assesses the capacity of a medical attendant to recognize and gather basic data in a crisis circumstance, break down on them, distinguish proper choices and all the more critically, execute those choices in such problematic situations.According to the case introduced, the choice of the attendant is to regard the decision of the patient and go with the strategy for treatment, as picked by the patient. (Adair 1999) This dynamic procedure has a basic influence in building up the most mind boggling of all connections in human services †between a patient and the nurse.The medicinal services administrations have improved so much that patients have gotten increasingly careful about the methodology taken for their treatment. (Benner 2004) Many of the administrations are tweaked so that the patient’s endorsement of the procedure taken for their treatment has gotten an unquestionable requirement. In this way, with the developing pattern, individuals hav e begun to comprehend about the various alternatives accessible for a specific treatment and think about the outcomes of every one of the strategies. (Benner 2001) These means of progress towards human services plainly show that dynamic has increased high need among the patients. The changing patterns have ensured that medical caretakers are given full opportunity to extract their obligations and settle on proper choice. Such self-sufficiency has additionally given them prime duty. Any choice that could have serious effect straightforwardly influences the development of their profession. (Division of Health Nursing and Midwifery Council 2002) It likewise goes about as one of the methods for estimating a nurse’s commitment towards progress of human services. The clinical significance of dynamic procedure is legitimately ascribed towards the improvement of patient consideration. Their basic speculation abilities in a clinical field permit them to be effectively receptive to get ting a handle on even similarity to circumstances that could help in improving consideration. (Chapman 1994) For this situation study, the patient is a multi year old female filling in as a colleague in a shop. The patient as got a cut in the proximal phalange on the dorsal part of the center finger. The patient is very speculative towards the idea of needles and stitches and in each chance is agreeable to maintaining a strategic distance from such techniques to treat her. The attendant dealing with the case, being an accomplished expert in nursing gave the open door for the patient to choose stitch and sticking. The medical attendant specialist didn't neglect to make reference to about the favorable circumstances and results of picking every technique. Given the pressure that the patient brings about stitch and needles, the patient’s decision for sticking strategy to treat her was regarded and followed. The primary goal of the medical caretaker professional while settling on the technique for treatment was to regard the decision of the patient. Since the patient was given the subtleties of both the strategies and subsequent to having concluded that the idea of the injury to be a minor one, the patient was given the obligation of self-administration. Besides, the rules of the sticking method were handily fulfilled by the wound’s state and henceforth, the medical caretaker had a simple methodology while settling on the treatment. (Tschudin 1994) Several frameworks like the Clinical Decision Support Systems are utilized to help specialists while deciding. (DOH 2007) Such frameworks are ordered as information based and non-information based. These frameworks chip away at the premise of the data gathered and furthermore on the previous history of the patient to control the experts to take an official conclusion. At last, these frameworks just assistance in controlling the specialists to settle on a choice and they don't conclude any choice. (DOH 2009 ) The speculations of discerning methodology towards clinical dynamic propose that, choices ought to be made on a drawn out premise, taking in subtleties of the numerical information, the probabilities of various choices and others realities. These frameworks help in gathering those exact information and take into account settling on a choice that is very much idea

Good Persuasive Essay Topics Are Easy to Find

Good Persuasive Essay Topics Are Easy to FindFinding good persuasive essay topics is easy if you go about it the right way. And by that I mean you need to find topics that will excite you and compel you to write your essay. That is what we call an assignment, it's not about where you get it, it's about how you use it to get the best from yourself.Our classes are divided into sections. Each section has a book of topics that students can use in their papers. These are going to be difficult to choose because there are so many to choose from.Since we do in fact have a class about all things non-fiction writing, that is one of the topics that students will use in their papers. What if I told you that you could find ways to maximize your writing time by using one of the less common topics for writing. You are going to have to find some way to make your topic unique.I'm sure that you can imagine what some of the more unusual topics would be like, so when you're in the school's library, look through their history of the various subjects. Try reading on those subjects and get a feel for them. Since they are likely not going to be common topics in your class, chances are they won't even be in the books you have there.So when you see a bit of interest in something you want to write about, use it as your unique topic. It's important to remember that the majority of people in school are reading books and the majority of books are written for those students who are English majors. The same goes for your class, so write something different to see if anyone notices it.The reason why you need to write something different is that you don't mind someone else getting your point of view. If the students in the class don't notice it then it will probably be that you didn't make any mention of your originality in your essay.This should be enough to get you started and a few ideas for background information that you can use to help your essay stand out from the rest. I know it may see m easy at first, but if you continue to write essays as if they were report writing, it will be very hard to keep up with.One easy way to increase your level of creativity is to make lists, find subjects in books you don't often read, and use them as essay topics. Just make sure that you don't overdo it. If you're trying to be original, try to follow one of the techniques I mentioned above and you'll have an interesting paper to show to your class.

Drug abuse among health care professionals - Free Essay Example

Drug Abuse among Health Care Professionals Healthcare workers are among the top population for drug abuse. According to the American Medical Association, â€Å"The term ‘impaired is used to identify those members of the medical profession whose performance is adversely affected by drug abuse.†(AMA) Having an impaired heath care worker causes harm to not only them, but puts the client at a higher risk for death. Drug impaired health care workers jeopardize lives every day by working under the influence. This paper will discuss the following topics among health care professionals with drug abuse, the underlying factors, instances of harm related to drug abuse, the statistics of who abuses, and what to do if someone suspects abuse. This paper will in hope give a better view of how to lookout for substance abusers and how to help them admit they have a problem. Drug abuse in health care professionals is an ever growing epidemic. Healthcare workers are just as likely as any other human to use substances in a mann er not legal. There are many factors that persuade them into taking drugs. Drug abuse can be summarized into taking a medication without a prescription, taking more than the recommended prescribed dose, or the abuse of over the counter medications to the point of impairment. Due to the shortage of medical professionals such as nurses, the nurse to patient ratios are growing more and more as the baby boomers retire out. This is putting a substantial amount of work load on to the nurse and causing mistakes to increase. The shortage of nurses also has an increase in stress due to the amount of hours worked. Instead of the normal nurse working a 12 hour shift, it might be necessary to work a 24 hour shift to cover the shift of the night nurse that didnt come in. This increases the risk for abuse to try and stay awake or deal with the depression of not being able to go home. More nurses today are taking stimulants to stay awake to provide patient care. These stimulants put the nurse and patient at risk because of the unwanted side effects such as nervousness, being jittery or dizzy and causing seizures or respiratory depression if too much is consumed. â€Å"Substance abuse is the number one reason named by state boards of nursing for disciplinary action.†(Hrobak) In the state of Oklahoma, if a nurse is suspected of abuse, they must go before the state board in a court appearance, more than likely to have they license revoked, until otherwise proven efficient to work. Other factors to include are, a history of family drug abuse, history of domestic violence, and peer abuse, with many other factors. There a many instances when an impaired health care worker causes harm to the patient and themselves. They can put an entire hospital at risk without even realizing what they are doing. â€Å"A string of mysterious infections at a hospital from 1998 to 1999 were traced to a most unexpected source, doctors are reporting today: a respiratory therapist who is sus pected of having used a needle and syringe to steal a narcotic from the bags of intravenous medicine that were hanging by the bedsides of critically ill patients. The therapist is believed to have contaminated the medications while tapping into them.† (Grady) Bringing in an infection to a hospital can cause everyone grief and patients a higher hospital bill for trying to rid the infection if it doesnt overtake them first. When a health care worker is under the influence many different accidents can happen. Major threats to all healthcare workers are the risk of needle stick injuries. They can inflict a disease of the patient to themselves or pass it on to other patients if not careful with â€Å"dirty† needles they use. A major risk disease that is cautiously monitored in hospitals is AIDS, HIV, and Hepatitis. Without careful monitoring of used patient supplies, more infections can be passed throughout an entire hospital without even realizing. When someone is workin g under the influence, they lose control of the full power of the brain and accidents are more likely to occur. Drug abuse can happen to many other people other than nurses as well. Doctors are just as likely to do the same thing. The following is a medical malpractice case against a doctor. â€Å"A former doctor who admitted he was abusing prescription drugs agreed to settle the medical malpractice lawsuit against him in St. Louis County court this week. The patient, John W. Campbell, accused Michael Impey of putting a hole in his colon during a medical procedure in 2006. About a foot of Campbells colon was removed as a result of the injury. Impey, who lost his medical license soon after the incident because he was abusing pain pills, agreed to settle Tuesday for an undisclosed amount.† (Malik) Without thinking of the consequences of a little abuse, it can cause professionals to lose their license and perhaps never be able to practice again. This doctor might have not bee n aware of the harm he was causing until it was too late to do anything. By that time, most abusers try to cover up mistakes so attention is not brought to them. There are many different statistics used today to describe the amount of professionals relying on drugs to get through an average day of work. There are four major types of drug abuse, alcohol, nicotine, drugs, and inhalants. They can be broadened out into a bigger scope of legal and illegal drugs. Drugs are often times noted as illegal due to the fact that when the abuser deviates away from the proper use of the medication and takes it how they feel will get a better high. Herbal medicines are sometimes considered to be a drug, such as marijuana, but it has not been FDA approved so therefore takes on the name as an herb. This following is a study conducted using physicians, According to addictionsearch.com â€Å"In a study conducted by Cicala (2003) 8% to 12% of physicians were estimated to develop a substance abuse problem.†(Cicala) This could easily be described as they have a license to dispense almost any type of medication and the readily availability of drugs. Anesthesiologists, well known for putting patients under during surgical procedures, are among the top physicians that abuse drugs. They have access to some of the most powerful narcotics and gases that are available and legal to use. Some Dentists are also considered abusers do to the fact that they use nitrous oxide, laughing gas, during procedures, and often times huff it while alone to relax. Nitrous oxide is still considered a prescription because it has to have an order to use it and a license to buy or dispense it. The stress of taking care of another human being and being responsible for life or death choices is not a career for everyone, and they believe can be fixed by getting a high off of narcotics and other drugs. Occasional use of drugs in small dozes can eventually lead to the addiction of large quantities o f drugs several times a day to get the euphoria one is seeking. Nurses are an ever growing field with more than 2.9 million in todays society. The underlying factors associated with work stress and burn out are increasing with nurses. According to addictionsearch.com â€Å"Trinkoff and Storr (1998) conducted an investigation where substance use was studied among nurses. Thirty two percent of 4,438 respondents indicated some substance abuse.†(Tinkoff and Storr) Nurses are constantly working around narcotic and non-narcotic prescriptions on a daily basis. They are the ones who pass out routine medications to their clients and are responsible for the administration of those medications. Often times it has been noted that those sometimes prn (as needed) medications rarely make it to the clients mouth, but to the nurses. With easy access to medication rooms on the floor the nurse is working, it is easy for some nurses to be tempted to take a few extra pills or capsules and n ot note it otherwise. Since many healthcare workers take on the term as a professional, it is never expected for one to abuse substances. Society views health care workers as the ones that know everything about health and how to stay healthy, so it puts that extra stress of societys view onto their daily lives. According to The Journal of Oncology Nurses â€Å"One study reported that the prevalence of use for all substances among nurses was 32%. Compared with nurses in womens health, pediatrics, and general practice, emergency nurses were 3.5 times as likely to use marijuana or cocaine, oncology and administration nurses were twice as likely to engage in binge drinking, and psychiatric nurses were most likely to smoke.† (Tariman) Emergency nurses rate so high in abuse due to the substantial amount of stress that experience with trauma and death in the emergency room. When someone suspects drug abuse, the worst thing one could do is not report it to the administrator or charge nurse, following the chain of command. Most healthcare workers will first go through a series of denial, not wanting to admit they have a problem until they are convinced they need help. Sometimes it is hard to recognize an impaired healthcare worker because they know how to hide the signs and symptoms, although many professionals can still detect the signs of substance abuse. Some signs of drug abuse could be volunteering extra time to work, staying late, volunteering to pass out medications to a patient not belonging to the professional, wasting more drugs than previous workers, orders to the pharmacy for large quantities of narcotics, and isolation to a confines area just to name a few of more than hundred signs available. In todays society there are many programs available to help health professionals not abuse substances. According to an article by Straight Talk, â€Å"Many states have developed alternative treatment programs for nurses rather than immediately taking their license. Thirty-nine states developed programs to channel nurses into treatment and recovery, monitor their return to work, and protect their license.† (Tariman) Oklahoma is one of those thirty-nine states enrolled to help nurses. The Oklahoma Board of Nursing has recently started a new program entitled Peer Assistance. â€Å"The Oklahoma Peer Assistance Program (OPAP) is a voluntary, confidential program, which assists licensed nurses whose competency may be impaired due to substance abuse and/or chemical dependency. We provide a structured, voluntary program that facilitates a recovering nurses return to safe practice, thereby protecting the public.†(Oklahoma Peer Assistance Program) The Peer Assistance program directs individualized care focused to each participant as well as encouragement and support in hopes of persuading them into the right direction. The Oklahoma State Department of health has incorporated a program directed towards assistance as wel l. The program is entitled The Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (ODMHSAS). â€Å"Among these programs offerings are assessment and referral, detoxification, outpatient counseling, residential treatment, substance abuse education, transitional living, and aftercare services.† (Substance Abuse Services). They have a main target of prevention of drug abuse by giving classes to at risk abusers but can also help in the treatment of it. With all the help available to healthcare workers, substance abuse shouldnt be hid, it needs to be reported and brought to the abusers attention before things can add up and take a turn for the worse. Healthcare professionals are among the top population for drug abuse. Frequent drug screening and accurate drug counts are just two of the many ways to help control this rising problem. No one wants an impaired practitioner helping in there healing process. It is harmful for the professional and also the patient. Dru g impaired health care workers jeopardize lives every day by working under the influence. This major problem can be stopped by having someone speak up when they notice signs of abuse. Now days many programs are available if the abuser wishes to seek help in stopping the problem before it goes too far. This paper has discussed the following topics among health care professionals with drug abuse, the underlying factors, instances of harm related to drug abuse, the statistics of who abuses, and what to do if someone suspects abuse. In describing the signs to look for, different types of treatment available, and factors leading to substance abuse, it can be up to the everyday population to help recognize these people and help them get help before it puts loved ones lives and self lives at risk. Cicala, R.S. (2003). Substance abuse among physicians: What you need to know. Hospital Physician, 39(7), 39–46. https://www.addictionsearch.com/treatment_articles/article/substance -abuse-among-healthcare-professionals_49.html Denise, Grady. Outbreak of Hospital Infection Is Tied to Workers Drug Abuse. New York Times 16 May 2002, New York.: 16. Print. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/16/us/outbreak-of-hospital-infection-is-tied-to-worker-s-drug-abuse.html Hrobak, Mandy. Narcotic Use and Diversion in Nursing. University of Arizona College of Nursing. 06 January 2009. University of Arizona College of Nursing, Web. 3 Nov 2009. https://www.juns.nursing.arizona.edu/articles/Fall%202002/hrobak.htm. Malik, Shezad. Dallas Fort Worth Injury Lawyer Blog. Medical Malpractice Trial Over Addicted Doctor Begins . Dallas Fort Worth Injury Lawyer Blog , 27 July 2009. Web. 4 Nov 2009. https://www.dallasfortworthinjurylawyer.com/2009/07/medical_malpractice_trial_over.html. Oklahoma Peer Assistance Program. Oklahoma Board of Nursing. 2008. OBN, Web. 28 Oct 2009. https://www.ok.gov/nursing/peer.html. Substance Abuse Services. ODMHSAS. 20008. Oklahoma, Web. 28 Oct 2009. https://www.odmhsas.org/subab.htm. Tariman, Joseph. Understand Substance Abuse in Nurses. 22.8 (2007): 18.EBSCOHOST TCHP, . Substance Abuse in Health Care Professionals. TCHP Education Consortium. 2006. TCHP Education Consortium, Web. 8 Nov 2009. https://www.tchpeducation.com/homestudies/generalinterest/substance_abuse/substanceabuse_webbook2009.pdf. Trinkoff, A.M., Storr, C.L. (1998). Substance use among nurses: Differences between specialties. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 581–585. https://www.addictionsearch.com/ treatment_articles/article/ substance-abuse-among-healthcare-professionals_49.html

The Definition of Atomic Volume and How to Calculate It

The atomic volume is the volume one mole of an element occupies at room temperature. Atomic volume is typically given in cubic centimeters per mole: cc/mol. The atomic volume is a calculated value using the atomic weight and the density using the formula: atomic volume atomic weight/density Alternatives Another way to calculate atomic volume is to use the atomic or ionic radius of an atom (depending on whether or not you are dealing with an ion). This calculation is based on the idea of an atom as a sphere, which isnt precisely accurate. However, its a decent approximation. In this case, the formula for the volume of a sphere is used, where r is the atomic radius: volume (4/3)(Ï€)(r3) Example For example, a hydrogen atom has an atomic radius of 53 picometers. The volume of a hydrogen atom would be: volume (4/3)(Ï€)(533) volume 623000 cubic picometers (approximately)

Profile of Serial Killer, Cannibal and Necrophilliac Richard Chase

Serial killer, cannibal, and necrophiliac Richard Chase went on a month-long killing spree that ended with six people dead, including children. Along with  savagely murdering his victims, he also drank their blood. This earned him the nickname The Vampire of Sacramento. One has to wonder if Chase was alone in the blame for what he did to others. His parents and health officials considered him stable enough to live without supervision, despite the fact he displayed severe abnormal behavior from an early age. Childhood Years Richard Trenton Chase  was born on May 23, 1950. His parents were strict disciplinarians and Richard was often subjected to beatings from his father. By the age of 10, Chase displayed three known warning signs of children who grow to become serial killers: bed-wetting beyond the normal age, cruelty to animals, and setting fires. Teenage Years According to published reports, Chases mental disorders intensified during his teenage years. He became a drug user and regularly exhibited symptoms of delusional thinking. He managed to maintain a small social life. However, his relationships with women would not last long. This was due to his bizarre behavior and his impotence. The later problem consumed him and he voluntarily sought help from a psychiatrist. The doctor was unable to help him and noted that his problems were a result of his severe mental disorders and repressed anger. After turning 18, Chase moved out from his parents home and in with roommates. His new living arrangements did not last long. His roommates, bothered by his heavy drug use and wild behavior, asked him to leave. After Chase refused to move out, the roommates left and he was forced to move back in with his mother. This lasted until he became convinced that she was trying to poison him. Chase moved to an apartment paid for by his father. A Search for Help Isolated, Chases obsession with his health and bodily functions heightened. He suffered from constant paranoid episodes and would often end up at the hospital emergency room in search of help. His list of ailments included complaints that someone had stolen his pulmonary artery, that his stomach was backward and that his heart had stopped beating. He was diagnosed as being a paranoid schizophrenic and spent a short time under psychiatric observation, but was soon released. Unable to find help from doctors, yet still convinced that his heart was shrinking, Chase felt he had found the cure. He would kill and disembowel small animals and eat the various parts of the animals raw. In 1975, Chase was suffering from blood poisoning after injecting the blood of a rabbit into his veins. He was involuntarily hospitalized and diagnosed with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia or Drug-Induced Psychosis? Doctors treated Chase with the usual drugs used for schizophrenia, with little success. This convinced doctors that his illness was due to his heavy drug use, not schizophrenia. Regardless, his psychosis remained intact. After he was found with two dead birds with their heads cut off and blood sucked out, he was moved to a hospital for the criminally insane. Incredibly, by 1976 his doctors decided he was no longer a threat to society and released him under the care of his parents. Even more incredibly, his mother made the decision that Chase no longer needed the anti-schizophrenia medications prescribed and stopped giving him the pills. She also helped him find an apartment, paid his rent, and bought his groceries. Left unchecked and without medication, Chases mental disorders escalated from the need for animal organs and blood to human organs and blood. First Murder On December 29, 1977, Chase killed 51-year-old Ambrose Griffin in a drive-by shooting. Griffin was helping his wife bring groceries into the house when he was shot and killed. Random Violent Acts On January 11, 1978, Chase attacked a neighbor after he asked for a cigarette, then restrained her until she turned over the entire pack. Two weeks later, he broke into a house, robbed it, urinated inside a drawer containing infant clothing, and defecated on the bed in a childs room. Interrupted by the owners return, Chase was attacked but managed to escape. Chase continued to search for unlocked doors of homes to enter. He believed a locked door was a sign that he was not wanted. However, an unlocked door was an invitation to enter. Second Murder On January 23, 1978, Teresa Wallin, pregnant and at home alone, was taking out the garbage when Chase entered through her unlocked front door. Using the same gun he used to kill Griffin, he shot Teresa three times, killing her, then raped her corpse while stabbing her several times with a butcher knife. He then removed multiple organs, cut off one of the nipples and drank the blood. Before leaving, he collected dog feces from the yard and stuffed it into the victims mouth and down her throat. Final Murders On January 27, 1978, the bodies of Evelyn Miroth, age 38, her six-year-old son Jason, and friend Dan Meredith were found murdered inside Evelyns home. Missing was Evelyns 22-month-old nephew David, whom she had been babysitting. The crime scene was horrific. Dan Merediths body was found in the hallway. He was killed by a direct gunshot wound to his head. Evelyn and Jason were found in Evelyns bedroom. Jason had been shot twice in the head. The depth of Chases insanity was clear when investigators reviewed the crime scene. Evelyns corpse had been raped and sodomized multiple times. Her stomach had been cut open and various organs were removed. Her throat was cut, she had been sodomized with a knife, and there was a failed attempt to remove one of her eyeballs. Not found at the murder scene was the infant, David. However, blood in the babys crib gave police little hope the child was still alive. Chase later told police that he brought the dead infant to his apartment. After mutilating the babys body, he disposed of the corpse at a nearby church, which is where it was later found. What he did leave at the grotesque murder scene were clear hand and shoe prints, which soon led police to his door and ended Chases insane rampage. The End Result In 1979, a jury found Chase guilty on six counts of first-degree murder and he was sentenced to die in the gas chamber. Disturbed by the gruesome details of his crimes, other prisoners wanted him gone and often tried to talk him into killing himself. Whether it was the constant suggestions or just his own tortured mind, Chase managed to collect enough prescribed antidepressants to kill himself. On December 26, 1980, prison officials discovered him dead in his cell from an overdose of medications.

Lesson Plan Writing Tips for Teachers

Lesson plans help classroom teachers to organize their objectives and methodologies in an easy to read format. Difficulty: AverageTime Required: 30-60 minutes Heres How to Write a Lesson Plan Find a lesson plan format that you like. Try the Blank 8-Step Lesson Plan Template below, for starters. You may also want to look at lesson plan formats for language arts, reading lessons, and mini-lessons.Save a blank copy on your computer as a template. You may want to highlight the text, copy, and paste it onto a blank word processing app page instead of saving a blank copy.Fill in the blanks of your lesson plan template. If you are using the 8-Step Template, use these step-by-step instructions as a guide for your writing.Label your learning objective as cognitive, affective, psychomotor, or any combination of these.Designate an approximate length of time for each step of the lesson.List the materials and equipment needed for the lesson. Make notes about those that need to be reserved, purchased, or created.Attach a copy of any handouts or worksheets. Then you will have everything together for the lesson. Tips for Writing Lesson Plans A variety of lesson plan templates can be found in your education classes, from colleagues, or on the Internet. This is a case where it isnt cheating to use somebody elses work. Youll be doing plenty to make it your own.Remember that lesson plans come in a variety of formats; just find one that works for you and use it consistently. You may find through the course of a year that you have one or more that fits your style and the needs of your classroom.You should aim for your lesson plan to be less than one page long. What You Need: Lesson Plan TemplateWell-Defined Learning Objectives: this is a key element, everything else flows from the objectives. Your objectives need to be stated in terms of the student. They have to be something that can be observed and measured. You have to list specific criteria for what is an acceptable outcome. They cant be too long or overly complicated. Keep it simple.Materials and Equipment: You will need to ensure that these are going to be available for your class when the lesson is being taught. If you are too ambitious and require items that your school doesnt have, you will need to rethink your lesson plan. Blank8-Step Lesson Plan Template This template has eight basic parts that you should address. These are Objectives and Goals, Anticipatory Set, Direct Instruction, Guided Practice, Closure, Independent Practice, Required Materials and Equipment, and Assessment and Follow-Up.   Lesson Plan Your NameDateGrade Level:Subject: Objectives and Goals:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Anticipatory Set (approximate time):   Ã‚  Ã‚   Direct Instruction (approximate time):   Ã‚  Ã‚   Guided Practice (approximate time):   Ã‚  Ã‚   Closure (approximate time):   Ã‚  Ã‚   Independent Practice: (approximate time)   Ã‚  Ã‚   Required Materials and Equipment: (set-up time)   Ã‚  Ã‚   Assessment and Follow-Up: (approximate time)

The Roman and U.S. Military - 1490 Words

The Roman Republic military was one of the first well-organized military of all time. Because of this, most succeeding militaries follow their example by adopting and adapting some of the same characteristics. The Roman and U.S. military are from different eras, but still share similar characteristics as well as vast modernized differences that have established the U.S. military as efficient and organized. Separating a military into unique specialized forces increases efficiency and the Romans knew that. The Roman legions consisted of: â€Å"10 cohorts to one legion, six centuries to one cohort, 10 tents to one cohort, eight soldiers to one tent, 120 cavalry† (Lloyd, 2013). The Roman formation was the triplex acies, which was the hastati,†¦show more content†¦The U.S. military uniforms are completely different from the Roman Republic; nothing is the same except for the use of a helmet. Warfare has changed since the ancient times and with that change, what soldiers wea r for protection had to change as well. The consistency of the same soldier is to maintain experienced soldiers. Constantly training new soldiers is a waste of time and money. Nations worldwide for every era understood the concept of a time in which soldiers must serve in the military. In the Roman Republic, it changed throughout the years. At first soldiers had to stay for six years with ten years nonconsecutive. Later it was changed to twenty years, but after the sixteenth year, the soldier was considered a veteran. The final change was twenty years with an additional five years as a veteran (Southern, 2006). Even though the Romans were very strict on the soldiers, the army was superior to any other nation because of this consistency in soldiers. The U.S. military is vastly different with their length of service. Citizens can be in the military for active or inactive duty, they can also be in the reserves where they would only be deployed if necessary. Soldiers can also have contr acts depending on the branch for two, four, six, or eight years. Soldiers can also do tours of duty for a length of time. There is also the possibility of having a long time career in the military. The U.S. military has a larger span of options to choose from for the length ofShow MoreRelatedSimilarities And Differences Between Greece And Rome1457 Words   |  6 Pages The two vocal points I feel strongly about are both their military and leadership. When talking about their militaries we have two of the strongest forces to ever grace the earth. When talking about their respective cultures we are talking about beliefs that spread nationwide. These are the similarities and differences between Greece and Rome. 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Discrimination Based On Sexual Orientation Essay - 1492 Words

The criminal just system should view all people no matter what their race, gender, or social class is. In a world where Lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgender people are being slandered, it is hard for them to get jobs because of their sexual preferences or how they identify. Gays and lesbians who choose to come out around â€Å"straight† people they work with will probably face at least some (if not much) discrimination. During work, â€Å"discrimination based on sexual orientation must not be tolerated in any form in modern law enforcement. Instead of prejudice and intolerance, police departments and chief executives should embrace a â€Å"Do Ask, Do Tell† attitude toward gays and lesbians (Winchell, 2008)†. They will go out of their way to cause harm either (physically/ mentally), professional humiliation, and the refusal of some heterosexual officers to work in close proximity with the LGBT officers. Instead of discriminating on others, officers should be gin to judge based on the quality of their work and strength of character. A survey of police officers in South West USA showed pattern of resistance to the employment of LGBT officers with 69% of their respondents reporting that these individuals do not belong in law enforcement and 85% asserting that gay men would not be able to perform their job as well as others (Mallory, Hasenbush, Sears, 2015)†. Another reason most agency lack diversity is that the â€Å"recruitment efforts of police departments are often too broad and fail toShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination Based On Sexual Orientation Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pagesunfavorably based on race, religion, gender, or sexual orientation; this is defined as discrimination (Article 14: Protection from discrimination). 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Largely influential play Essay Example For Students

Largely influential play Essay An Inspector Calls written in 1944 by J B Priestley based in 1912, was largely influential play, mainly due to the problems and thoughts of society, which were brought up within the play, and projected through the thoughts and speech of the characters.  Throughout the whole play each character develops and matures in their own way, either by playing a stronger role in the conversations within the play or just being a more influential character. To find out the answer to the question of which character changes the most throughout the play I have chosen to concentrate on one character in particular which changes the most as the play progresses, Sheila. By far the most undeveloped character at the beginning, she wasnt taking part very much in making a mark at the beginning of the act but later on begins to develop more and more, and becomes a more influential role despite her earlier characteristics. Priestley was well known as being a modern day socialist back in 1944 when the play was written. By writing the play Priestley could forward his thoughts and views through the characters, being a socialist some of his mains views for lower class people and society itself were; everyones actions in some way or another effect each other and everyone should be responsible for each other, he strongly showed this view throughout the play with the death of a young woman, Daisy/Eva, but the events leading up towards her death are somewhat shocking for the Birling family who are all somehow linked to everything. Another one of his views were that as a socialist he actively tried to help to fight for the lower class people to have equal rights, same as the people higher up in society. Sheila being somewhat opened minded seeing as she is such a young character allowed Priestley to put across his views through Sheila.  Sheila at the beginning of the play in the first act where the rest of the Birling family are celebrating Sheilas engagement to Gerald Croft, Sheilas character comes across as being very childish with her language being that of a 10 year old nowadays with the use of words of mummy and daddy in most of her speech when she is either speaking to them of referring to them, also her behaviour is very excitable, kind of like a little child in some ways or another. When the inspector arrives with the news of Daisys/Evas death at the infirmary and the inspector begins his inquiry into the death, Sheilas excitable character begins to fade and this is when she starts to show the first signs of her character developing. Questioning begins and the first person to be brought into the inquiry and questioned is Birling (Sheilas father), at this point it is brought up that Birling had fired Daisy Renton (the name the girl, which died went under at that point) was fired due to a strike at the families factory over a dispute of a pay rise, at this point Sheila argues the point the point for the protesters saying but these girls arent cheap labour suggesting she sympathises for them striking for a pay rise and actually arguing with her dad trying to get the point across that these women and more than just a cheap form of labour for his factory. At this point already Sheila has begun to be stronger and she is no longer taking a back seat in the vital conversations and she is also arguing her own views, this is also important because what Sheila said about the cheap labour thing is actually part of what Priestley believes that everyone should have equal rights. .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6 , .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6 .postImageUrl , .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6 , .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6:hover , .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6:visited , .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6:active { border:0!important; } .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6:active , .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6 .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b7fcb210b673348f0bbf720ca8cafb6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Discuss the Dramatic Significance of Act 1 Scene 5 in the Play Romeo and Juliet EssayWhen the inspector finishes with questioning Birling he moves onto Sheila, it is revealed that Sheilas involvement into Daisy/Evas death was that she had Daisy/Eva fired from her job at a local dress shop called Milwards after a little disagreement, but there was more, the way Sheila got her fired was that she used her family name Birling, as a sort of authority over the shop owners, which had a fairly large account at the shop to get her fired otherwise she would withdraw her account with the shop. This shows that by doing this she acted very childishly by using her family name as a sort of backing to argue her pointless point to get Daisy/Eva fired from the shop simply out of spite. After discovering this Sheilas character becomes distraught about what she has done and realises how her actions and her acting so childishly over something so small has lead to the death of Daisy/Eva, this is very contrasting behaviour considering what she was like at the beginning. Another point in this part is also brought during this point of how stereotypically rich girls were like in them days, that they acted very bratty and most relied on there family name to fund their views and actions, what Sheila done was a prime example when she got Daisy/Eva fired over something small and petty and also used her family name. In act two the plot begins to thicken as the inspector involves more people in this inquiry of his. Gerald Croft is the next person to be questioned who is Sheilas fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, it is later on revealed in the questioning that Gerald had an affair with Daisy/Eva, Daisy Renton she was known to Gerald as then. But while Gerald is explaining the story to the inspector Sheila cuts in to express what shes feeling, by saying yes but why are you saying that to him? You ought to be saying it to me; this shows in her language sort of where she uses a rhetorical question to state her point and shows openly what she is feeling at that point instead of bottling it up. Also soon as this news is broken to everyone, Sheila develops even more, piecing together what she had already known about Gerald, e.g. she had a suspicion something wasnt quite normal when she noticed Gerald was spending a lot of time at work supposedly and spending a lot of time away from her but of course now its been revealed that Gerald had an affair, this shows that Sheilas character has developed by showing us that she is more aware of whats going on and is relying less on others to fill her in on all the information. After this Sheilas character differs a lot from what her character was like at the beginning, further into the inquiry the inspector swiftly moves onto Mrs B. (Sheilas mother), the story with Mrs B. goes that she was the head of a womans organization which offers help to women in need or need help with a worthy cause, but its seems that Daisy/Eva went to the organization to plea for help but was turned down due to the fact that Daisy. Eva came to the organization under the name of Mrs Birling which offended Mrs B., while the inspector is questioning Mrs B. leading to the answer of what happened, Sheila rude and openly offers to answer for her mother when the inspector asks Mrs B. to confirm that she is indeed the head of the organization, answering go on Mother. You might as well admit it. (To the inspector) yes she is why? this shows that her character is truly beginning to play a more stronger role within the conversations and the play overall, its shows in her language with the short a quick responses, also her childish language of mummy she referred to her mum before as has changed to mother now shows that her language is maturing.

Cross Cultural Management Management from a Multinational Perspective

Question: Discuss about theCross Cultural Management for Management from a Multinational Perspective. Answer: Introduction: (Views Based on the Analysis of Management Skills in Cross Cultural Zones) The concept of leadership is prevalent in all the countries across the world in different sectors and in different forms. Be it political or professional sector, the notion of leadership cannot be denied and is presumed to be very essential aspect. However, the features of the leadership differ from culture to culture or from one country to another. The style of leadership refers to the modes in which the managerial department or the administrative department of any business organization or any other sector undertakes the responsibility of providing appropriate directions, recognizing the scopes for further development of the units of the organization and its expansion as well as motivating the people working in the organization. Leadership becomes an integral part for any organization because it is by the virtue of leadership that the effective management of a unit, especially a business organization becomes possible and that organization or sector can progress with its set aims (Ba harum and Jaafar 2014). Kurt Lewin was the first individual in the history of leadership who for the first time in the history of leadership had performed a study of leadership along with the other researchers. He led that group of researchers and they together undertook an in depth study of the different styles or approaches of leadership. This study conducted by Lewin had given birth to three different major leadership styles; they are the autocratic, democratic or participative and delegative or laissez-fair. In accordance with the prevailing circumstances, the leadership styles are defined and maintained in the organizations. An individual leader who is in pursuit of managing his business organization in the most dexterous manner keeping in consideration all the required essentials of a business use all the three styles in a very prudent manner. This also determines the relationship between the leader and the workforce or the entire working staff of the organization. The leader of an organization attempts to implement the authoritarian style in an environment or situation as and when there is an introduction of a new employee or a few employees in an organization. During this case, the leader of that organization is required to maintain an autocratic mode of approach as the employees who will begin their roles and responsibilities in the organization or the first time would require proper motivation and training in order to adapt themselves to the new situation. Thus, in such situation t he leader needs to adopt the autocratic style of managing the situation. This mode of approach will lead to the participative style, in which the employees of the organization have become much adapted to the requirements, aims and strategies of the firm and are now well prepared to deal with differing situations. With regard to the participative or democratic style, the leader of the organization attempts to involve the participants or the employees in various decision-making processes, all together at this point of time become a part of the team. The leader follows delegative style of leadership only after the employees have gained much experience in the job roles they are assigned to. The leader in this case delegates some of the vital tasks to the experienced employees who, the leader feels that has knowledge that supersedes his own and is much more able than he is (Benet-Martnez and Hong 2014). When the leaders use the positive modes of behavior by appreciating the jobs of the employees, rewarding them and recognizing their activities, they are able to inspire the employees in their respective works, thereby forming the basis for the development of the business. On the other hand, the negative perspective of the employer is not suitable for the attainment of organizational commitment. In todays multicultural scenario in the business organizations, the employers need to maintain a positive mode of approach in almost all the aspects related to the administration or management of the organization. Most of the leaders believe that in order to maintain discipline in the organization and realize the aims of the organization negative behavior or posing a strict impression upon the entire working staff in the organization is necessary. However, upholding a negative mode of regulating different aspects of the organization would not make the employer achieve the targets that the comp any aspires to achieve. Therefore, employee orientation and task orientation are the two major tenets that underscore the best possible leadership styles (Caleon et al. 2015). The management style of different nations differs in terms of their culture, customs, modes of living and their thoughts. The management style followed by thee managers or the entrepreneurs in USA is an individualistic approach. The leadership style adapted by the companies operating in the United States of America usually depend upon the managers and their authority for taking proper decisions that govern the development of the organizations. Although employees are given opportunities for participating in the decision- making processes within the areas of responsibility, the actual responsibility for the ultimate rests with the authority of the business. The managers working in any company in America are therefore more or less determined with their positions and responsibility paying almost inconsiderable significance to the employees or the subordinates. The opinions of the workforce are hardly regarded by the personnel who feel that their successful designations can support the co mpanies in attaining success (Chemers 2014). However, this mode of leadership is not suitable for the multinational companies that are in vogue in the recent years. The advent of increasing globalization that is reducing the trade barriers among the countries is giving rise to the birth of establishment of large number of international business organizations across the world. Thus, the managers of such multinational companies require adapting themselves to the differing concepts and features of different countries, as they need to serve the citizens of various countries, which form the clients of those multinational companies. In order to serve these international marketing structures, the managerial department of the globalized companies has to incorporate those qualities, which will be able to earn the satisfaction of the consumers residing in the countries in which those international companies attempt to expand their business interests. The global managers need to have a global perspective; he or she requires possessing tho se specific skills and knowledge that will enable him to form a global mindset. Often it happens that the managers are not able to adapt themselves to the changing cultures and customs and they leave the assignments or the projects without completing them (Chhokar et al. 2013.). Working in an organization requires the administrative head of an organization deal with the diversities that will be present at a workplace. Nowadays the cultural diversities at the workplace are increasing at a very high rate by the virtue of the melting cultural and the tutorial barriers among national boundaries. People from different nations possessing different cultures, customs, race and religion agglomerate at various business organizations across the world and work together (Dinh 2014.). Therefore, in case of such companies where diversities are prevalent at every stage, in such a multicultural environment of the companies, the managers of the organizations need to have enough knowledge in order to tackle such diversities at the workplace. The mangers or the leaders of such organizations or the multinational companies that operate at different parts of the world, shall, therefore incorporate such strategies that are important for the integration of the cross cultural attribu tes while working for the company. As the definition of Hofstede Geert goes, the culture is such a concept that enables the formation of a collective programming of mental traits, thereby causing discrimination between the members of one community or race from that of the other (Dunn et al. 2012). An Analysis of the Cultural Background of Singapore: Singapore, being one of the most progressive countries in the world has attracted innumerable business organizations from across the world. The way in which UK and USA are regarded as the most desirable destination for almost all the well established business organizations of the world, Singapore with immense availability of facilities turned into one of the most coveted location for most of the business organizations. The combination of Asian and European cultures of the nation is one of the major reasons for the wonderful cultural aspects of Singapore. Cross cultural features form the core of the countrys cultural background. The culture of Singapore has been highly imported and influenced by those of East Asia, South Asia, Malaysia and the Eurasian culture. Thus, Singapore is known as the meeting point of East and West (Engelen et al. 2015). The historical study of Singapore reveals the fact that the Singapore was mainly under the empire and rule of the Indian kings. The Chola dynasty was the empire that ruled over the place. Therefore, the Indian culture was much more predominant over the state. It was more of an island that was founded later on and developed by Sang NilaUtama. Singapore remained for many years under the rule of the British Empire after the British made its empire strong over India and allied regions. It was only after the independence in 1959 from the British rule, that Singapore did make its own way and started emerging as an independent country. Singapore remained as the British colony for more than one hundred and fifty years. Even after independence from being a British colony, the Singapore port still remained the interest of the British. It turned to be a trade port in 1819 or more appropriately the British trade port. This port had attracted many migrants from all over the world. Many from China and the Malays from the nearby areas had migrated to the country or island of Singapore. The country had experienced an intense tough time during the years after its independence. When it tried to remain associated with the union of Malaya, it was not given any kind of aid by the nation, and was rather expelled from the union in 1965. Thus, the nation had confronted the difficulties in terms of food shortages, racial riots,and instability regarding the formation of a proper territorial region, unsuccessful and underdeveloped infrastructure, unemployment and communist uprisings. This condition of the island continued till 1970s. However, after this span was overpowered by the industrialized society of Singapore that developed within a period of thirty years. The nation had begun searching for its own independent identity and transformed from only being a trading port into a rich and prosperous nation that focused its major concern upon the development of all the basic amenities of l ife, a highly developed social and economic infrastructure along with the idea of multiculturalism. Due to the presence of various cultural impacts upon the country, there is hardly any individual national identity in Singapore that is dominant. The cultural links of the country with India, China, Malaysia and Indonesia and some other adjacent countries of Asian continent have made it maintain its friendly and loyal relationship with the neighboring countries. It is the ethnic identity that pervades the nation of Singapore (Epitropaki et al. 2013). Democratic attitude, attainment of peace, justice and equality are the pillars upon which the prospects of the nation are based. Therefore, these are the concepts that form the enshrined stars in the national flag of Singapore. Respect for different religions, their traditions, language and customs are forming the basis of the culture of Singapore. Thus, maintaining and upholding secularism and social justice, racial harmony are the major aims of the country. Personal beliefs are paid attention to a large extent. Merit forms the ground based upon which the individuals are selected for different purposes in different fields, irrespective of their religions, culture or the socio-economic background. Religion in Singapore is the arena that is free from any kind of rigid beliefs. Different religions of the world, especially that of the Asian countries gets their recognition in Singapore. The nation practices eminently the freedom of religion. It is thus, described as one of the most religious countries of the world that renders significance to all kinds of religious beliefs and practices. Diversity of religions, ethnic people and beliefs characterize Singapores culture. Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Islam constitute the religious sphere of the country. The idea or the belief in life death is maintained and shared by all the religions. In terms of the social structure of the country, there are differences based on the classes and castes which are gain constituted by the differences in the wealth and income levels. It is believed that Singapore is more or less governed by the merits of individuals that decide upon the status of the individuals. Social groups and classes are formed and differentiated by the ethnicity or the ethnic culture. Art and architecture, fine arts, graphics are those areas that hardly receive a free promotion in the country of Singapore. Only the institutions that are permitted subsidies and grants by the government of the country are able to proceed with their artistic views and productions. Contemporary arts and architecture is given much more importance, although different ethnic groups maintain their own traditional art and culture in their own ways. However, there are some rules and limitations that are required to be followed while promoting or presenting literature, art or performance arts. Physical and Social sciences are the fields that are given much priority. Technology and applied sciences are the major subjects taught in the universities of Singapore. The country has very well developed institutions. There always remains a greater emphasis upon the education, especially the higher education of the children. The National University of Singapore and the Nanyang Technical University of Singapore are the two most well known universities of the nation that provide almost all the disciplines, especially the social and physical sciences. The political life of Singapore is developed largely as compared to the other countries of Asia. Singapore is also a successful democratic country that and a republic with the parliamentary system government. The president acts as the head of the state as it is in India. The cabinet ministers form the executive organ of the state which always remains responsible for the execution of the major programs and policies of the government of Singapore. The judiciary system that is maintained in the country is very much similar to that of the western countries. The legal system of Singapore is mainly based upon the system that is followed by Britain. Thus, amid such a stern scenario in terms of the judicial and legal issues, the rate of crime is comparatively low in the country of Singapore. Intensified measures are taken against the acts of smuggling of the drugs and caning. Individuals are highly penalized in case if they are found guilty of engaging in the illegal political matters and creating disputes at the public places and creating mess on the streets and at different locations of the city. Singapore is one of such countries that follow a very strict and well developed military and armed forces. Thus, it becomes known that the nation is incalculably concerned about the political and legal sections, thereby creating a safe zone for the citizens of the country, however, sometimes generating unruly cases in the country that may be detrimental to the tourists or the visitors. The Chinese constitute the majority of the total population of the country. The other half of the population of Singapore is comprised of the Malays, Indians and others. Chinese, Malays and the Indians are the main components of the demography of the country of Singapore. Singapore developed rapidly in terms of economic development since 1965. The outward-oriented development strategies its tendency to adapt itself to the changing trends of other countries and their economic status are the reasons that have helped the country in its enhancement of the economy. The economic infrastructure followed by the nation is mainly long term based and are assessed on a continuously in order to confront the challenges in the economic zone. Measures have been taken by the government of Singapore in order develop the nation as the most significant and excellent financial structure. Excellent geographical location, extraordinary telecommunications and presence of skilled professionals have aided in the advancement of Singapore as a dynamic and commercial hub. Service sectors are much more developed in the economy of Singapore; thereby the secondary sectors receive the most priority. The Chinese population of the country constitute the chief portion in the secondary o r professional, administrative and managerial positions. The primary jobs are represented by the Malays and the Indians remain in the middle both in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. Both men and women are employed in the various sectors of the country. Nearly, 50 % of the women in Singapore are engaged in several professions, however most of the leadership positions are occupied by the men in the society (Gutierrez et al. 2012). Singapore has proved itself the most competent nation in the entire world. Prosperity in terms of monetary aspects and those of political characterize the national culture of Singapore. The country strictly and very honorably follows the concept of Kiasu that refers to the wish of the nation-state to remain at the topmost position in terms of all kinds of negotiations and competitions. Unity, stability, and maintenance of the same are the major motto of the country, as symbolized via the red and white horizontal sections of flag of the country (Fernando 2016 ). Assessment of the Factors Related to Cross Cultural Management in a Multicultural Country, Singapore: (Global Management Skills for an International Manager) Now, in accordance with the discussions conducted regarding the cultural aspects and prospects of the country of Singapore, it becomes very much evident that the country is highly featured by its ability to promote and advocate multiculturalism. The story of evolution of the country proves it. Singapore is that unique region which was born out of the amalgamation of a number of cultures and religions hailing from the Asian and south Asian countries. Indians, Malays, Chinese and Indonesians are the residents of the territory. The educational, professional and political spheres of the country, therefore, reflect the diversity of culture, religions, race and language. In such a country, as Singapore, it becomes mandatory that cross-cultural aspects getreflected in almost all the units of life. Business organizations in Singapore are the chief segments that attract individuals from different countries. Thus, the organizations of Singapore highly portray the features of intercultural or c ross-cultural management. An individual who hails from Singapore or from any other country of the world such as Australia or United States of America will be able to manage the administrative aspects of an organization he is employed in. These nations render reverence to the multicultural characteristics and advocate their policies of strengthening multiculturalism. This would actually help in the enrichment of the progress of almost all the units of a country, as they would be able to use and implement the skills and abilities of a diverse population (Gentry. and Sparks 2012). The cultural theories become very useful in understanding the difference in various human activities of the individuals belonging to distinct countries. The cultural theories exhibit the ways in which in the humans interpret their surroundings. Culture of each and every community turns to be an integral part, thus the cultural theories demonstrate the cultural attributes, dynamics of various cultures and the means through which distinct cultures come together and influence each other. The culture theory, thus discusses a varied set of behavior of the human beings. Thus, the cultural theories that have been devised by many anthropologists and psychologists that help in understanding effect of culture in upon the approach of the individuals in dealing with divergent issues. Geert Hofstedes Cultural dimensions Theory is one of the most well-known concepts that helps in perceiving a structure or framework for the sake of evaluating the differences between the nations and cultural set-up. Hofstede is popular for his accomplishments in terms of the cultural and intercultural research. The cultural magnitudes of Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Theory illustrate those factors that can assist an individual in evaluating different factors about a certain culture, with the help of which the individual can take steps towards decision-making. The dimensions that Hofstede had taken into account are the Power-Distance Index, Individualism vs. Collectivism, Uncertainty avoidance index, Masculinity vs. Femininity, Indulgence vs. Restraint and Long-term orientation vs. Short-term orientation. These dimensions help in understanding a culture in the following manner: Power-Distance index is the magnitude according to which the individuals are able to measure the rate of acceptance of the power distribution among several members working in organization. As and when the level of the power distance scores increases, it denotes that there is a high rate of inequality among the individuals in the society or in an organization. The members of the society who do not possess power accept easily the power distribution modes. On the other hand, if the level of the power-distance scores are high, it indicates that the members of the society accept and aspire the power to be distributed equally and to be all the members should be treated equally. This magnitude helps to analyze the means through which the members of the society determine and sense about the concept of power distribution. The second dimension of Geerts Cultural theory, namely, Individualism vs. Collectivism refers to the extent or the degree to which the members of the society are combined to form groups. This dimension of the theory allows more importance to the groups in a society rather than the individual members. The society that renders more value upon the individuals and their aims, those are individualistic societies, whereas in the collectivist societies, the ambitions or the aspirations of the groups are paid more attention. With respect to the Uncertainty avoidance index, the manner in which the ambiguity in a society is measured can be understood. The societies that have high scores with regard to this dimension, there is a complete indication that the society is not tolerant about the fact that the individuals from other cultures should probe into their culture or anything of that sort. They are unable to accept any kind of change in the society. Similarly, the societies that score low in the index of this magnitude are able to accept easily the changing trends in terms of cultural aspects, etc. This kind of societies hardly imposes strict rules and laws (Kirsch et al. 2012). They can easily accept the change, or unexpected events or situations.| Masculinity vs. Femininity is the dimension according to which it becomes possible to measure the extent of importance a society places upon the masculine values. The cultures or the societies that score high in terms of this dimension place much importance upon the masculine values and the differences between the genders are more eminent in this case. On the other hand, the society or the culture that denies any kind of discrimination based upon the gender score low in the index of this dimension. Long-term orientation and the short-term orientation helps in measuring the attitude of the society or a particular culture towards the strictly followed traditions and customs. The short term oriented cultures remain much more focused on the traditions and norms of the society. They hardly emphasize the future prospects and believe that the present and the past are interrelated. The long-term oriented cultures are determined to look forward to the future prospects and thus, put much more importance upon the goals that can be accomplished. Indulgence vs. restraint denote and identify the extent to which the drives or demands of the individuals are satisfied in a society. The cultures that are restraint in nature place value upon the social norms and the aspirations of the members of the society are not allowed to be fulfilled. The opposite happens in the case of the society that is much more indulgent (Karin Andreassi et al. ). Fons Trompenaars on the other hand, presents another new model for exploring the cultural theory. He is a well-known Dutch author who specialized in the field of cross-cultural communication. The cultural model or the theory that was devised by Trompenaars relates itself much to the concept of cross-cultural management that should be maintained within the organizations. According to him, the international companies should have such strategies and managerial departments, which is able to take into consideration the cultural differences. In accordance to his opinion, when the cultural differences or the diversities are not paid any kind of attention, the companies are unsuccessful to manage and proceed towards progress. Trompenaar has suggested seven basic dimensions of culture that suggest that culture is the mixture of both organizational and national cultures. These seven dimensions of culture have been devised by him based on the human relationships, time and surrounding environmen t. The magnitude of Universalism vs. Particularism refers to the concept that in case of the cultures that are universalistic, general beliefs, codes of conduct, values, standards, morals and behavior are given the utmost attention rather than that of the individualistic values and beliefs. The individual needs or aspirations are not that much significant in this sort of culture. On the other hand, the culture that is based upon the notions of Particularism, individualistic views and opinions, beliefs, values, need and demand are the major concerns. This type of culture do not go against the rules of the society, however, they prefer the individualistic views and aspirations find the first priority in this case. Individualism and Collectivism is the second element of Trompenaars cultural theory states that the societies that follow the individualistic cultures rely more upon the individuals, the decisions taken by the individuals are given more importance. The individuals need not follow any strict rules; they can live and take decisions on their own. However, in the case of the Cultures following collectivism, the opinions of the group or the society as a whole guide the life of the individuals, the members of the cultural group are expected to participate in the functioning and welfare of the entire community. Cultures have been also divided by Fons Trompennar in accordance with the neutral and affective behavior of the individuals. In the case of the neutral societies , the individuals or the members of the society are do not feel the need to express their emotions or feelings explicitly . They presume that showing emotions in an explicit form is not good and not desirable. In case of the affective relationships, the members of the particular society feel the need to express their emotions and demands adequately unlike the neutral culture. The cultural theory of Trompenaar also talks about the specific and diffuse relationships. Specific relationships are those that place much importance to the specific aspects or the small details of an issue that can help in forming a global idea. However, in the case of the diffuse relationships or more appropriately the cultures, the small details are not taken into account; rather any kind of matter is considered as a whole. The members of such a culture think that all the elements are linked together and therefore instead of analyzing them separately, it would be better to consider the whole. Achievement vs. Ascription forms another dimension of the cultural theory devised by Trompenaar. This is almost similar to that of Power-Distance magnitude suggested by Hofstede in his cultural theory. In case of the Achievement based cultures, the members of the culture pay respect to each other based on their achievements and skills to accomplish the same. In case of the ascription cultures, people are valued in accordance to their roles or designations in specific jobs. Trompenaars cultural theories stress on the aspect of time orientation or the opinions of the members of a particular culture regarding the aspects related to their traditions and age-old customs. Thus, with regard to the time orientation aspect , there can be two types of societies, one is the society that relies mostly upon the past and they are much more past oriented , old traditions and cultures are respected largely. On the other hand, there are cultures that pay much more importance to the future prospects and devises plans for future achievement. On a similar note, there are cultures that are sequential and synchronic. In case of the sequential cultures, the people or the individuals believe in doing one work at a time. The synchronic cultures are able to maintain many activities at a time. The seventh dimension of Trompenaars cultural theory states that there can be cultures that develop on the ground of the connection between the human beings and nature. For instance, in case of the western countries, the people believe that all the events that happen in the society are the results or effects of their own activities. This type of society or culture is internalistic. However, the cultures like those of the Asian nations depend much upon the relationship of the human beings to their destinies or the natural phenomena. They believe that the events or actions in the life of the human beings are intensely governed by the nature or the destiny. As per the theories and dimensions proposed by the two professors, namely, Hofstede and Trompenaar, assumptions can be made about the cultural phenomena and other related aspects of the society of Singapore. In accordance with the dimensions of Hofstedes cultural theory, the cultural aspects of Singapore in terms of management of the business organizations can be assessed in the following manner: Firstly, the country of Singapore being an amalgamation of various other cultures of the world, especially that of the Asian countries, viz. Chinese, Indonesian, Malays and Indians have low Power Distance Index. In order to manage the employee retention of the firms, there is an utmost need to maintain low power index and maintain equal distribution of power among the individuals working in an organization. Excessive importance laid upon the autocratic relations between the employees and the authority of any business organization can likely cause a chaotic situation. With regard to the dimension of the individualism and collectivism, it can be said that as Singapore is a multicultural country that has attracted many individual business firms, should place more value upon the collective behavior of the individuals. This will help in increasing the team spirit and thereby the progress of the companies can be ensured. In terms of the dimension of the Masculinity vs. Femininity, it can be readily inferred that the country records low in the MAS index. Both the men and women of the country remain involved in several jobs. Nearly 50% of women in the country are engaged in the professional sectors. It is true that the major leadership roles may not be rendered to the women in the professional units. However, there remains always scope for the working women to express their leadership skills and knowledge in the leadership and management fields (Ertug et al. 2013). Being a country that has turned to be one of the most important hubs for all the international companies, need to remain low on the UAI index or Low vs. High uncertainty avoidance index. The companies in Singapore aspire to remain always at the topmost position when compared with the status of the other countries of the world. Hence, it becomes a certain factor for the business organizations to undertake ambiguities and uncertainties with regard to the business prospects. It has been acclaimed worldwide that Singapore is the country that allows the companies to settle down easily in the country. The regulative and conducive environment of the country, the easy methodologies involved in registering for the payment of the taxes and presence of such other easy regulations make it very easy for the companies to proceed successfully in their business activities. The Country has been ranked as the topmost country out of the 50 nations of the world in terms of the major investment destinations of the globe. Therefore, the companies operating in the country rank low in the index of the LTO, i.e., in terms of the long term orientation vs. short-term orientation. In order to prosper in the business world, the government of Singapore and the companies that operate in the nation strive look forward to maintain the stability in the world market. The country therefore, ranks low in the index of LTO, as the management of the companies need to take into account the factors that affect them immediately. However, the most important fact is that the country and the business organizations operating there should also have long-term oriented views in order to take into account the aspects and behavior that will likely affect any business organization in the future (Rui and Stefanone 2013). In accordance with Trompenaars cultural theory, the cultural aspects of Singapore and management of the same can be evaluated in the following manner: The culture of Singapore is one of such cultures of the world that is an admixture of different cultures of the world. This is the fact that the country attracts so many business enterprises from across the world. Singapore is the nation that possesses much supportive government policies, easy permits to settle down with new aspiring business ventures. Presence of sound infrastructure and pretty labor conditions and prudent financial policies of the government are the reasons that have made the country of Singapore the ulterior destination for most of the successful businesses of the world (Koveshnikov et al. 2014). Hence, with regard to the dimension of the Universalism and Particularism, it becomes clear that Singapore promotes collectivism. Presence of different communities from various cultures and communities, indicate the involvement of diversity at the workplaces. Therefore, it becomes compulsory that the individuals involved in a business organization must take decisions together, and thereby must participate in the functioning of the business organizations. Thirdly, as Singapore prefers to follow the policies of the Western culture in terms of the political, judicial and administrative policies, therefore, it is natural that the affective relationships are hardly maintained in the country. Rather, neutral culture is followed that restrains the expression of emotions and feelings openly (Moran 2014). The polished and well-administered culture of Singapore portrays the fact that the business organizations are liable to maintain specific culture. The tendency to analyze different elements related to the business interests of a company in a specific manner separately or individually constitute the business culture of any company located in Singapore. Adaptation and maintenance of the specific cultures by Singapore has enabled it to focus over the aspects can assist the nation in industrial as well as economic development (Muenjohn 2015). With regard to the fourth dimension of Achievement and Ascription, Singapore rests its priority over the aspect of achievement. Singapore is the country that possesses the highest forms and standards of skills and potential. It has the most advanced and favorable infrastructure among all other nations of the world. This makes the nation state aim at the global competitiveness. Hence, the entire relative readinesses of the economy with all the required potentialities and the prior discussion have made it a perceivable fact that Singapore is a country where merits matter largely matter. Therefore, it is the country where achievement of the individuals matters significantly. Ascription or recognizing the individuals in terms of their designations in the organizations or maintaining a hierarchical distinction between the authority and the workforce cannot be followed in the nation of Singapore. Merits of the individuals and their achievements are the measuring heads that determine the im portance of the individuals working in an organization (Miao et al. 2013.). The business ventures require upholding and placing immense focus upon the time-orientation. The country of Singapore has turned to be Asias most successful nation in almost all the facets. Be it educational, political, professional or industrial, the country has proved its potential. Thus, it can be readily stated that the business sector of the country rely much upon the future oriented factors. It is only by focusing upon the future aspects and aims of the company, that it becomes possible for the business organizations to organize its strategies. Moreover, the culture followed by the business sectors is more or less synchronic in nature as it is the motto of the country of Singapore to comply with all the changing trends of the world. Thus, the companies and their infrastructure are subjected to innovative modifications and the business units need to operate upon various elements or tasks at a single time as a whole (Muenjohn 2015) The seventh dimension devised by Trompenaar that helps in determining whether a culture or a community living in a particular society of the world depends upon the external or internal control can easily identify the culture of Singapore as Internalistic (Thomas and 2014). The culture of the country depicts evidently that the individuals believe mainly on their own actions, and thus, they hold themselves responsible for their deeds and the consequences. The country like that of the Western nations of the world are of the opinion that it is the deeds of the individuals control the surroundings. They are of the opinion that they have full control over their environment and destiny hardly plays any important role in this kind of culture. Thus, this trend is maintained by the business culture of Singapore. Although Singapore is one of the Asian countries, it does not rely upon the tendency of the other Asian nations to believe that the destinies of the individual members belonging to a p articular culture control their lives. The actions of the individuals, instead, matter the most (Ting-Toomey 2012). The Globe cultural competencies or the magnitude of the Globe project address the features that can assist in the enhancement of the leadership while working in a multicultural company that incorporates the characteristics of the cultural diversity. The GLOBE project had been devised by Prof. Robert J. House of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. This project was developed on the findings of Geert Hofstedss research in the year 1991. The Competencies of the Globe Project or the Global leadership Depicts following: Performance Orientation: This magnitude of the GLOBE project states that an organization in order to perform well and progress in future prospects need to adapt that leadership style which will help in encouraging the performance or the organizational commitment as well as the excellence level of the employees of a company. The same applies in case of a society. Assertive Orientation: This is the magnitude of the Globe project that tells about the rate of assertion or confrontational attitude that the members of an organization reflect in their professional or social relationships. This will help the leader of an organization or firm to understand the condition and the professional determinants that are present in a workplace, and thereby take steps accordingly. Future Orientation: According to this dimension of the GLOBE project, the authorities in a business firm can estimate the intensity of the future oriented outlook of the members of a organization or a society. In case of an organization, this will help the leadership of an organization to develop such standards or measures that would encourage the members of an organization to think about planning or investment for the future progress of the country (Samovar et al.2014.). Humane Orientation: This shows the extent to which the individuals involved in an organization or in a society pay respect to each other, indulge in mutual appreciation and maintain a friendly behavior in the society or in the organization. This kind of attitude becomes very important in an organization. A leader, furthermore should keep an eye on this aspect and then undertake measures accordingly. Collectivism: In case of the institutional collectivism, it reflects the intensity to which the organizations or the societies encourage the members to participate in the collective actions and reward collective outcome (Johnson and Grier 2013.). On the other hand, in the case of the In -group collectivism, the members possess and share loyalty and cohesiveness within the group, be it a business organization or a family. The seventh dimension of the GLOBE project reflects Gender egalitarianism. In accordance to this point of view, the leadership of an organization should decide upon the intensity to which the absence of the gender discrimination policies needs to be maintained. The eighth dimension regarding the Power Distance determines the degree to which the members of a culture or of a business organization demand for equal or unequal sharing of the power relations or the hierarchical positions (Shi and Franklin 2014). The ninth or the last dimension tells about the extent a society or an organization can avoid uncertainty. It tells and instructs the authority of any social unit about how unpredictability or ambiguities can be avoided by relying on the social customs and practices of a particular culture. Now, in case of a business organization that is operating in a multicultural or culturally diverse country like Singapore, the leadership or the authorities of an organization can easily enhance their qualities of leading and developing the organization along with the strength of its workforce by the following the dimensions that are suggested by the GLOBE project. As and when a manager is working in a multinational company in a country like Singapore, he or she has to take into account the performance oriented aspects. As the GLOBE project suggests, the leadership of an organization should be aware of and take certain steps or strategies that may help in encouraging the performance and commitment of the employees. The employees of an organization in case of Singapore hail from different cultures. Therefore, the manager of an organization should be aware about the features of different cultures (Papadopoulos and Heslop 2014). This will help in the formation of such strategies that can ultimately bring together the employees of the organization to work together united not thinking about the differences. The manager of the organization should ask the employees of the organization who belong to various cultures and communities to suggest their own ways and viewpoints about certain things to each other and appreciate each other while performing. Th is will help in the enrichment of the performance level in the organization as well as the unity. In accordance with the assertiveness orientation as discussed as one of the competencies of the GLOBE project, a manager working in a multinational organization in Singapore must understand the rate and tendencies of the assertive behavior of the individuals in an organization. This may differ in accordance with that of the difference in cultural backgrounds and other related features (Ray 2014). In terms of future-orientation, the leadership of a company where diversity in culture is the major concern, must create such a business culture that is able to make the workforce identify their own with that of the culture of the workplace. The employees should come to feel that their welfare and the individual cultural differences are paid considerable attention. This characteristic feature of the company and strategy of international marketing can make the employees future-oriented and think about different aspects related to planning and investment that may help in the progress of the company as well as the nation as a whole. The leaders of a business organization must take into account the humane orientation as suggested by the GLOBE project. The tendency to enrich the relationship between the employees and the leadership of a firm as well as within the workforce is very necessary in order to maintain the decorum and the team spirit. Collectivism, both the institutional and the In-group Collectivism are the major tenets that should be upheld within an organization, so that there remains inspiration to work together along with the loyalty and cohesiveness among the individual members. This will help in increasing the productivity and quality standards (Lai et al. 2013). Working in an international organization and managing the diverse workforce requires gender justice and lessening of gender discrimination in the company, and this need to be taken care of by the managerial department of the organization. In a country like Singapore, maintenance of this factor becomes very vital, as both the men and women are engaged very actively in the professional field.Equal distribution of power within the organization among the working staff, avoidance of addressing the hierarchical positions in excessive manner will help in strengthening the bonds within the workforce, thereby, reducing ambiguities and uncertainty within the organization (Kirsch et al. 2012). An international organization, operating in a country like Singapore need to incorporate such a kind of managerial department that will take care of the cultural differences of the entire workforce. This kind of strategy would help the company to face the challenges related to uncertainty and ambiguity in the business zone, with the help of an integrated employee- employer relationship A Discussion on the Concepts of Leadership and Motivation: (from Cross-Cultural Perspective) Leadership: Implementation of well-developed leadership skills, especially in the case of an international organization that incorporates diverse cultures is very important. Thus, as it has been discussed above, leadership skills and integration of the workforce can properly be maintained by an organization by following the dimensions devised Geert Hofstede, Fons Trompenaar and the GLOBE project of Robert J. House (Karin Andreassi et al.2014). Moreover, along with the such cultural theories , the Transactional and Behavioral theories of leadership need be maintained. Transactional Theory: A manager working in a cross cultural environment in an international company need to take into consideration the cultural differences of the employees with proper reverence. The leaders or the managerial department of the organization need to develop an environment, through which there can be a good transaction of various opinions of the individual employees in the decision making issues and in other matters. This will reinforce the unity in diversity and would encourage the workers to increase their commitment towards the goal of the organization. Behavioral Theory: It is often said that Leaders are born. However, the fact that remains the truth is that leaders are made. Proper conditioning of the personal traits and enrichment of in depth knowledge and skills are the keys to develop the leadership strategies in an organization. Furthermore, in an international organization, presence of proper behavioral strategies is a very necessary aspect in upholding tenacity and honesty in the working zone between the employees and the employer. In case of Motivation, that is another integral factor in an organization, the following means can be adapted by the leadership or the authorities of an international organization: As a leader or manager of an international organization, a person needs to respect and be sensitive towards the cultural differences of a diverse workforce (Ozgen et al. ). People come from different ethnic backgrounds and racial structures. Therefore, creating a common business or organizational culture with which the entire workforce along with their differences can identify them is very important. All the workers, irrespective of any kind of cultural differences, should gain a judicious amount of remuneration, rewards and recognition. The workers in a company need to be made aware that they are working in a safe environment. The company pays equal respect to their individual opinions and very much concerned about their welfare (both physical and emotional). Work-life integration has become the most important need in todays digital world, where lifestyles are becoming much hectic. Thus, in such a case, there remains the requirement of the balance between the professional and personal life. There should be some recreational activities and intervals that can enhance the energy and motivation level of the workers. Conclusion: Thus, it becomes evident through the above discussion that excellence in the arena of leadership and motivational factors become some of the major factors that remain most responsible for ensuring the progress in the multinational or international organizations. 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